Johann Georg Nicolai: Freu dich sehr o meine Seele (pro Organo pleno con Pedale) (Weissenau)
(English below) âJohann Georg N. wurde im J. 1720 [richtig wohl: 24.6.1721] zu Lichtenhain, einem schwarzburg-rudolstĂ€dtischen Dorfe geboren und auch dort erzogen. Schon in seiner frĂŒhesten Jugend zeigte er viele Anlage zur Musik und bildete sich durch vorzĂŒglichen Eifer, den er auf diese Kunst verwendete, zu einem tĂŒchtigen Orgelspieler aus. Dies gab Gelegenheit, daĂ er in der Folge als Organist und Stadtkirchner nach Rudolstadt berufen wurde. Beide Stellen versah er fast 40 Jahre bis 24. December 1788, an welchem Tage er nach langwieriger Krankheit im 68. Lebensjahre starb. â In dem RudolstĂ€dter Wochenblatt steht folgendes Urtheil ĂŒber sein schönes, grĂŒndliches Orgelspiel. âDieser Mann scheint fĂŒr die Orgel und die Orgel fĂŒr ihn geschaffen; er hatte den wahren Orgelvortrag und Alles, was dazu gehört, völlig in seiner Gewalt; er hat manches edle Herz durch sein Meisterspiel erfreut.â Von seinen Arbeiten erschienen gedruckt: âVollstĂ€ndiges Choralbuch ĂŒber die FĂŒrstlich Schwarzburg-RudolstĂ€dtischen KirchengesĂ€ngeâ, Leipzig 1765, Breitkopf; 218 ChorĂ€le; âChoralvorspiele fĂŒr die Jugendâ, Leipzig 1770; âKurze und leichte Choralvorspiele nebst beigefĂŒgten vierstimmigen ChoralgesĂ€ngen fĂŒr die Jugendâ; âDivertimento per Dame suâl Cembalo, consistente in XII Arie affettuose, Trio, Andante, Menuetti, e Polonaiseâ (in Kupfer gestochen); âSix Parties sur le Clavecinâ. Leips. 1760.â (FĂŒrstenau, Moritz, âNicolai, Johann Georgâ in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 23 [1886], S. 593)
Die hier eingespielte Choralbearbeitung findet sich in Choral-Vorspiele ĂŒber verschiedene KirchengesĂ€nge, verfertiget von Johann Georg Nicolai, Stadtorganisten zu Rudolstadt. Rudolstadt, auf Kosten des Verfassers. Gedruckt bey Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf in Leipzig. 1783; Neuausgabe Willem Poot (Interlude Music Productions). Dasselbe StĂŒck auch in Organisten uit de 18e en 19e eeuw Bd. 1, hg. v. Willem van Twillert, hier in einer minimal abweichenden Version. Van Twillert verweist auf die alternative Lesart des zweiten Taktes in der Ausgabe von 1783 â offenbar lieĂ Nicolai das StĂŒck mehr als einmal drucken (welche Ausgabe van Twillert selbst zugrunde gelegt hat, ist nicht deutlich).
Das StĂŒck trĂ€gt zwar die Kennzeichnung âpro Organo plenoâ, doch fĂ€llt auf, daĂ der rechten Hand ausschlieĂlich die Melodiestimme zugewiesen ist â so daĂ, wĂŒrde die Kennzeichnung fehlen, man einen Triosatz annehmen wĂŒrde, bei dem die Melodie sich von der Begleitung durch die Registrierung abhebt. Ich nehme an, daĂ Nicolai daĂ StĂŒck so konzipiert hat, daĂ es auch auf einer einmanualigen Orgel gespielt werden kann. Bei einer groĂen Orgel lassen sich wie in der vorliegenden Aufnahme zwei Plena gegeneinander stellen â ein lauteres fĂŒr den Cantus firmus, ein leiseres auf einem Nebenmanual fĂŒr die Begleitung.
The German video description above quotes the entry for Nicolai from a German biographical dictionary published in 1886. Nicolai was born in the village of Lichtenhain in Thuringia, then part of the principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. From 1758 he served as organist and sexton of the principal church at Rudolstadt. The entry quotes a local paper praising Nicolaiâs organ playing, and gives a list of printed works by him. This does not contain the 1783 collection of chorale preludes from which the piece recorded here is taken (exact title in the German text). That collection has been republished in its entirety by Willem Poot. The piece heard here is also in vol. 1 of Organisten uit de 18e en 19e eeuw edited by Willem van Twillert. The version printed by van Twillert has a slightly different reading of the second bar; van Twillert also gives the reading of the 1783 edition. Evidently, then, Nicolai published the piece more than once (it is not clear which edition van Twillert used himself).
It is noteworthy that the right hand plays only the hymn tune and nothing else â so that, were the piece not marked âpro Organo plenoâ, one would assume it to be a trio, to be played with different registrations for the cantus firmus and for the accompaniment. I assume that Nicolai intended the piece to be playable on a single manual, but with the possibility of using contrasting plena on a larger organ â a louder one for the hymn tune and a softer one for the accompaniment, which is how I play it here.
Johann Georg Nicolai: Freu dich sehr o meine Seele (a 2 Clavier e Pedale)
English below! | Zur Biographie von Johann Georg Nicolai siehe die Videobeschreibung meiner Einspielung seiner anderen Bearbeitung dieser Melodie: (oben). Auch die hier eingespielte Bearbeitung stammt aus dem Band Choral-Vorspiele ĂŒber verschiedene KirchengesĂ€nge, verfertiget von Johann Georg Nicolai, Stadtorganisten zu Rudolstadt ⊠Gedruckt bey Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf in Leipzig. 1783; Neuausgabe Willem Poot (Interlude Music Productions). Die andere Bearbeitung trĂ€gt die Bezeichnung âpro Organo plenoâ (kann allerdings als Trio gespielt werden); diese ist ausdrĂŒcklich als Trio fĂŒr zwei Manuale und Pedal gekennzeichnet, lasse sich aber, so der Komponist, auch auf einem Manual wiedergeben.
For a short biography of the composer see the video description of my recording of his other arangement of this tune: (above). The arrangement heard here likewise comes from the collection that Nicolai published with Breitkopf in Leipzig in 1783 (new edition by Willem Poot: Interlude Music Productions). The other arrangement is marked âpro Organo plenoâ (but it can in fact be played as a trio); this one is expressly marked as a trio for two manuals and pedals, though Nicolai indicates that it can also be played on a single manual.
Johann Georg Nicolai (1721-88): Praeludium supra: Freu dich sehr o meine Seele (pro Organo pleno con Pedale)
English below! Zur Biographie von Johann Georg Nicolai siehe die Videobeschreibung meiner Einspielung dieser Choralbearbeitung aus seiner Feder: (oben). Wie sie stammt das hier zu hörende âPraeludiumâ aus dem Band Choral-Vorspiele ĂŒber verschiedene KirchengesĂ€nge, verfertiget von Johann Georg Nicolai, Stadtorganisten zu Rudolstadt ⊠Gedruckt bey Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf in Leipzig. 1783; Neuausgabe Willem Poot (Interlude Music Productions). Der Band enthĂ€lt zwei Bearbeitungen von âFreu dich sehrâ (beide auf diesem Kanal verfĂŒgbar) und dieses Werk, das denselben Choral im Titel fĂŒhrt. Dieser Titel ist allerdings einigermaĂen kurios, denn obwohl die PrĂ€position âsupraâ, âĂŒberâ, die Erwartung weckt, daĂ das StĂŒck die Choralmelodie verarbeitet, geschieht nichts dergleichen. Niemand wĂŒrde vom bloĂen Hören die Verbindung zu dem Choral herstellen, dessen Melodie nicht einmal andeutungsweise erscheint. Ein Choralvorspiel muĂte im ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert bereits wohl nicht mehr zwingend die Choralmelodie aufgreifen, sollte aber doch in die Stimmung des Kirchenliedes einfĂŒhren. Und âFreu dich sehrâ klingt zwar in allen konventionellen Choralbearbeitungen â einschlieĂlich derer von Nicolai â durchaus festlich, aber es ist ein Lied fĂŒr Beerdigungen (Freu dich sehr o meine Seele / und vergiĂ all Not und Qual / weil dich nun Christus der Herre / ruft aus diesem Jammertal). Sich vorzustellen, das hier eingespielte, heiter-unbeschwerte StĂŒck könne als Cantus-firmus-freies Choralvorspiel gerade zu diesem Lied gedient haben, fĂ€llt schwer. Alle anderen Werke der Sammlung unterscheiden sich von dem vorliegenden dadurch, daĂ ihr Titel nur den Choral nennt â ohne das Wort âPraeludiumâ â und darin stets die Choralmelodie in ganzer LĂ€nge zitiert wird. Wenngleich also der Titel der Sammlung âChoral-Vorspieleâ ankĂŒndigt, ist doch wohl dieses die Sammlung eröffnende âPrĂ€ludiumâ gerade keines. Warum dennoch der Choral im Titel erscheint, ist mir rĂ€tselhaft.
For a short biography of the composer see the video description of my recording of this chorale by him: (above). Both that and the piece heard here come from the collection of chorale preludes that Nicolai published with Breitkopf in Leipzig in 1783 (full title in the German version above, new edition by Willem Poot: Interlude Music Productions). The volume contains two arrangements of Freu dich sehr (both available on this channel) and this piece, which likewise refers to the hymn in its title. This is puzzling: the preposition âsupraâ here translates as âonâ and leads you to expect a treatment of the hymn tune â but that tune is completely absent from the piece. No one would make the connection with the hymn from just hearing it. By the late 18th c. chorale preludes did not inevitably have to cite the hymn tune, but they were certainly expected to prepare the listener for the mood of the hymn. Now âFreu dich sehrâ does sound festive in all conventional arrangements, including those by Nicolai â but it is a funeral hymn (O my soul be glad and cheerful / Now forget thy misery / From this earth so dark and tearful / Christ the Lord is calling thee). It is hard to imagine this easy-going, serene piece as a cantus firmus-free introduction to this hymn. Unlike this one all other items in the volume are only identified by the name of the relevant hymn, without the word âpraeludiumâ. Even though the title of the volume announces âChoral-Vorspieleâ, chorale preludes, this opening piece of the collection seems to be no such thing, despite featuring the hymn in its title.
Johann Christoph Oley (1738-89): Der Tag ist hin, mein Jesu bei mir bleibe
Baumeister-Orgel Maihingen (1737)(via Hauptwerk) The Day Is Gone, Stay Jesu My Protector (English below!) Die Bearbeitung dieses weniger bekannten Chorals durch Oley ist eigenwillig, aber höchst wirkungsvoll und wird der dichterischen QualitĂ€t von Neanders Text wie der Melodie des Genfer Psalters vollauf gerecht â man will meinen, beide hĂ€tten Oley zusĂ€tzlich inspiriert.
Die barocke englische Ăbersetzung des Liedes stammt von Johann Christian Jacobi. 1670 geboren, soll er an der UniversitĂ€t Halle studiert und dort in Verbindung mit August Hermann Francke gestanden haben, dem bedeutenden Vertreter des Pietismus und tatkrĂ€ftigen GrĂŒnder der Franckeâschen Stiftungen, deren ausgedehnte Baulichkeiten das Stadtbild von Halle bis heute prĂ€gen. SpĂ€ter lieĂ sich Jacobi in London nieder. 1708 zum Kustos (âKeeperâ) der deutsch-lutherischen Hofkirche (Chapel Royal) am St Jamesâs Palace bestellt, ĂŒbernahm er dort 1719 zusĂ€tzlich das Amt des Kantors. (Heute meist als Queenâs Chapel bezeichnet, wurde dieses GebĂ€ude in der 1620er Jahren als römisch-katholische KultstĂ€tte fĂŒr Henriette Marie von Frankreich, Gattin König Karls I. errichtet und seit dem spĂ€teren 17. Jahrhundert von deutsch-lutherischen Mitgliedern der Hofgesellschaft genutzt. Deren Zahl nahm nach Ăbernahme des Throns durch das Haus Hannover zu.) 1720 veröffentlichte Jacobi unter dem Titel Psalmodia Germanica seine Ăbersetzungen deutscher Kirchenlieder ins Englische; beigefĂŒgt jeweils die Melodie mit einem bezifferten BaĂ. Die Sammlung wurde in der zweiten Auflage stark erweitert. Das hier zu hörende Lied findet sich jedoch anscheinend erst in einer posthum (zuerst 1765) gedruckten, nochmals vermehrten Auflage.
Die zu hörende Orgel wurde berĂŒhmtermaĂen von der Wende zum 19.Jh. bis ins ausgehende 20.Jh. nie gespielt oder sonstwie angerĂŒhrt und stellt den einzigartigen Fall eines aus der Barockzeit ohne jegliche VerĂ€nderung ĂŒberkommenen Instruments dar.
Oleyâs treatment of this relatively little-known hymn is quirky but highly effective. It serves both Neanderâs lyrics and the tune from the Genevan Psalter well â one is tempted to think that the quality of both was an additional inspiration for the composer.
The Baroque English lyrics are by Johann Christian Jacobi. Born in 1670, he is said to have been a student at Halle University and to have belonged to the circle of August Hermann Francke, the eminent representative of the Pietist movement and founder of the charitable foundations that bear his name (Franckeâsche Stiftungen) â their extensive buildings still mark the Halle townscape. Jacobi later settled in London, where in 1708 he was appointed Keeper of the German Lutheran Chapel Royal at St Jamesâs Palace. In 1719 he also became its director of music (kantor). (This is the building now generally known as the Queenâs Chapel, because it was originally built, in the 1620s, to provide a Roman Catholic place of worship for Queen Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I. Under William and Mary it began to be used for German-speaking Lutheran courtiers, whose number increased under the Hanoverians.) In 1720 Jacobi published his Psalmodia Germanica, which contained his translations of German hymns, each with its tune and a figured bass. The collection was greatly expanded in a second edition. Yet the hymn heard here seems only to have been included in a further, posthumous edition first printed in 1765.
The organ heard here was, famously, never played or interfered with in any way from the turn of the 19th to the end of the 20th century. Uniquely, it preserves the authentic sound of the Baroque era without any alteration whatsoever.
Johann Christoph Oley (1738-89): Jesus meine Zuversicht (Buchholz-Orgel Kronstadt)
Choralvorspiel Jesus meine Zuversicht / Chorale prelude Jesus Christ My Sure Defense | Buchholz-Orgel der Schwarzen Kirche Kronstadt (BraĆov), RumĂ€nien English below! Oley im Rokoko-Modus Ă€hnlich wie in seiner fast parodistisch wirkenden Bearbeitung von Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern. Und im Gegensatz zu letzterem StĂŒck wird hier auch noch die an sich ja eher ernste, andĂ€chtige Choralmelodie durch Verzierungen so sehr verĂ€ndert, auch im Charakter, daĂ ich offen gestanden Zweifel habe, ob selbst eine damalige, mit ihren Kirchenliedern vertraute Gemeinde sie mehrheitlich erkannt hĂ€tte! Weiter ist wie bei der âMorgensternâ-Bearbeitung auch dieses StĂŒck verblĂŒffend schwierig so hinzukriegen, wie ich meine, daĂ es klingen sollte. SchlieĂlich aber, wieder wie bei der âMorgensternâ-Bearbeitung: musikalisch ziemlich genial! J
Oley in rococo mode, similar to his seemingly jocular treatment of How Brightly Beams The Morning Star. In contrast to that latter piece in this one the hymn tune, normally quite earnest-sounding and reverential, is so altered by embellishments, including in its mood, that I have some doubt if even at that time churchgoers, however familiar with their hymn books, would in their majority have recognised it! Further, as with the Morning Star prelude this one too is surprisingly difficult to get to sound the way I feel it should. Finally, again as with that other prelude, it is a rather ingenious piece of music!
Albert H. Oswald (1879-1929): PriĂšre â Pastorale â Postlude for Organ (Aeolian-Skinner op. 1301)
PriĂšre (@0:35) â Pastorale (@1:56) â Postlude (@3:43) | Organ: Aeolian-Skinner op. 1301, First Covenant Church, Oakland (CA)
Three more items of pre-World War I Edwardian nostalgia from the pen of Albert Heckles Oswald. The pictorial material included in the video refers once more to the village of Thornley, about 10km east of Durham (not to be confused with Thornley in Weardale, also in County Durham). As described in more detail elsewhere on this channel, Thornley grew rapidly after coal mining started there in 1835. An early railway line connected the colliery to the port of Hartlepool. Around the turn of the 20th century Thornley as Oswald knew it resembled a small industrial town â rather grimy, to judge by period photographs, but, one imagines, bustling with life. In the second half of the 20th century mining in the area declined. The Thornley colliery closed in 1970, and the population dwindled again. Today much of the Victorian settlement has reverted to meadows. The church where Oswald played mirrors the fate of the village: built in 1843, it was demolished in 2007. (The organ was saved.) Oswald was really a pianist â there is quite a bit of easy-going sheet music for the piano by him. His organ music can be somewhat reminiscent of Caleb Simper (especially in the case of the first two pieces included in this recording, PriĂšre and Pastorale). But there is a wistful streak to his music that to my ears gives it a special charm. The Albert H. Oswald playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?listâŠ
Giuseppe Paolucci (1726-76): Elevazione in re maggiore
English below! | Aufgewachsen in Siena, wo er bis 1741 nachweisbar ist, schloĂ sich Giuseppe Paolucci wohl im selben Jahr dem Franziskanerorden an.
Seine Ausbildung empfing er an den Konventen in Prato und Florenz (Sta. Croce). 1750 ging er an den Konvent in Bologna, um bei dem berĂŒhmten Padre Martini ( youtu.be/V1UbdiHVdgs ) zu studieren. 1756 wurde er zu dessen Stellvertreter als Kapellmeister des Konvents mit dem Recht der Nachfolge ernannt â hĂ€tte freilich auf die Nachfolge lange warten mĂŒssen, denn Padre Martini, obschon 20 Jahre Ă€lter, starb erst 1784. Noch im Dezember 1756 wurde Paolucci indes als Kapellmeister an den Konvent in Venedig berufen (Sta. Maria Gloriosa).
In Bologna stimmte man dem unter der Bedingung zu, daĂ die Venezianer sich verpflichteten, Paolucci bei Bedarf wieder herauszugeben. TatsĂ€chlich dauerte sein Aufenthalt in Venedig dreizehn Jahre, mehr wohl als ihm lieb war. Eine Bewerbung an die Stiftskirche SantâUrbano in Apiro scheiterte trotz FĂŒrsprache P. Martinis. SchlieĂlich erlangte Paolucci den Posten des Kapellmeisters wie zugleich Organisten am Servitenkonvent S. Martino in Senigallia â wo er sich dann ĂŒber mangelnde Ressourcen und ein schlechtes VerhĂ€ltnis zum Klostervorsteher Ă€rgern durfte.
Ich weiĂ nicht, ob die Bewerbung nach Senigallia noch aus Venedig erfolgte, das Paolucci bereits 1769 verlieĂ, obwohl er die neue Stelle erst im August 1770 antrat. Schon im Dezember 1771 erreichte ihn die Ernenung zum Kapellmeister der Mutterkirche der Franziskaner in Assisi, der Basilica di S. Francesco.
Er starb wenige Jahre spĂ€ter â âper malattia di attacco di pettoâ, so die Angabe im Archiv des Konvents. Suche nach dem Begriff in Texten des 18. und 19.Jhs. ergab, daĂ hier von einem Lungenleiden die Rede ist. Sagte das Klima in Venedig, die ungesunde Enge der GroĂstadt dem Meister nicht zu, wollte er deshalb zurĂŒck aufs Festland, sei es auf eine schlechtere Stelle?
Ein SchĂŒler Paoluccis in Venedig war der spĂ€tere kurkölnische Hofkapellmeister in Bonn, Andrea Luchesi ( youtu.be/3Mn53dBUFE4 , youtu.be/3uuqBwbjuUs ).
Neben seinem kompositorischen Schaffen ist Paolucci wegen seines Briefwechsels mit P. Martini bekannt sowie fĂŒr sein Lehrbuch des Kontrapunkts (Arte pratica di contrappunto: 3 Bde., Venedig 1765-72). Das im Video gezeigte PortrĂ€t stammt aus Padre Martinis Sammlung von Musikerbildnissen.
Giuseppe Paolucci grew up in Siena, where his presence is documented until 1741. Probably in that year he joined the order of the Franciscans. He was educated at the convents of Prato and Florence (Sta. Croce). In 1750 he joined the convent in Bologna, to study with the famous Padre Martini ( youtu.be/V1UbdiHVdgs ), and in 1756 he was appointed Martiniâs deputy as the conventâs maestro di capella (director of music), with the right of succession. That succession, however, would have been long in coming, since Martini, despite being his deputyâs senior by 20 years, died only in 1784. But already in December of 1756 Paolucci was offered the post of maestro di cappella of the convent in Venice (Sta. Maria Gloriosa).
Bologna agreed on condition that the Venetians promised to give Paolucci up if necessary. He ended up staying in Venice for 13 years, longer it seems than he would have liked. He tried to become maestro di cappella at the collegiate church of SantâUrbano in Apiro but failed despite the backing of P. Martini. He did at last secure the combined post of maestro di cappella and organist of the Servite convent of S. Martino in Senigallia â only to complain about a lack of resources and strained relations with the father superior.
I do not know if Paolucci applied to the Servites while still in Venice, which he left in 1769 although he only took up his new position in August 1770. Already in December of 1771 he learned of his appointment as maestro di cappella of the Basilica di S. Francesco in Assisi, the mother church of the Franciscans.
He died only a few years later â âper malattia di attacco di pettoâ, the records at Assisi say. A search for that term in 18th- and 19th-c. texts suggests that it refers to a pulmonary ailment. Was Paolucci wary of the Venice climate, of the cityâs insalubriously crowded conditions? Is that why he wanted to get back to the mainland, even if it meant accepting a lesser post?
Among Paolucciâs pupils in Venice was Andrea Luchesi, later kapellmeister to the electoral court in Bonn ( youtu.be/3Mn53dBUFE4 , youtu.be/3uuqBwbjuUs ).
Besides his output as a composer Paolucci is known for his correspondence with P. Martini and his textbook of counterpoint (Arte pratica di contrappunto: 3 vols., Venice 1765-72). The painting shown in the video is from P. Martiniâs collection of portraits of musicians
Bernardo Pasquini (1637-1710): Pastorale (Ménestérol)
(English below) Pasquini war Cembalist und Organist in Rom. Wie das Video genauer erklÀrt, ahmt die Pastorale Musik nach, die nach bestimmten Mustern von Hirten improvisiert wird.
Pasquini was a harpsichordist and organist in Rome. As explained in the video the pastorale imitates music improvised by shepherds according to certain patterns.
Peter Prelleur (1705-41): Organ Voluntary in A Minor
Organ of Weissenau Abbey (1787)(via Hauptwerk) | 1. @0:35 2. Fugue @4:33 | Pierre (Peter) Prelleur, of Huguenot descent but born in London, was baptised in the French Church in Threadneedle Street on 16 December 1705. In his General History of the Science and Practice of Music of 1776, Sir John Hawkins mentions Prelleur a number of times, among other things as one of his predecessors as a writer on the history of music (vol.1, preface p.xx).
He reports that âupon the breaking up of Brittonâs concert [Thomas Britton (1644-1714), a London charcoal merchant, organised musical events at his home that âbecame regarded as the premier venue for chamber music in Londonâ (Wikipedia)], the persons that frequented it formed themselves into little societies, that met at taverns in different parts of [London] for the purpose of musical recreation; one of these was at the Angel and Crown tavern in Whitechapel, where the performance was both vocal and instrumental: The persons that frequented it were Mr. Peter Prelleur, then a writing-master in Spitalfields, but who played on the harpsichord, and afterwards made music his profession; and by study and application became such a proficient in it, as to be ranked among the first masters of his timeâŠâ (vol.5 ch.3 p.127)
âAbout the year 1735, the parish of Christ-Church, Middlesex, had come to a resolution to erect an organ in their church, which is situated in Spitalfields, and Prelleur having many friends in that quarter, made an early interest for the place of organist, but was opposed by a young man who lived in that neighbourhood: The contest was carried on with such spirit by both parties, as was scarce ever known, but in popular elections to some great office. A scurrilous pamphlet was published by his competitor in support of his pretensions, and the inhabitants of the parish were set at enmity; but, notwithstanding all his endeavours and artifices, Prelleur was elected.â (vol.5 ch.7 p.373)
Prelleur also worked for the theatre (as a musician and as a composer), and published various self-teaching manuals for musical amateurs. His best-known book (available at imslp.com), of 1731, is a sort of omnibus edition of these (or was it the other way around?): The Modern Musick-Master or, The Universal Musician, Containing I. An Introduction to Singing⊠II. Directions for playing on the Flute⊠III. The Newest Method for Learners on the German Flute⊠IV. Instructions upon the Hautboy⊠V. The Art of Playing on the Violin⊠VI. The Harpsichord Illustrated & Improvâd, wherein is shewn the Italian Manner of Fingering, with Sets of Lessons for Beginners, & Those who are already Proficients on that Instrument and the Organ⊠With A Brief History of Musick⊠To which is Added, A Musical DictionaryâŠ
Much of Prelleurâs output as a composer exists only in manuscript, such as stage works, concerti grossi, songs, and organ voluntaries. The one heard here is part of a set of five edited by H. Diack Johnstone, who notes in his preface that the co-contestant for the organistship of Christ Church Spitalfields, unnamed by Hawkins, was actually John Worgan, today probably better known, as an organist and composer, than Prelleur. Worgan (1724-90) was in fact only eleven or twelve (!) at that time and must have been pushed by others, such as his elder brother and teacher, James. The contest took place in March 1736. Prelleur won by 99 votes to 62. I have not been able to find out why he died so young, on 25 June 1741, aged only 35.
Christ Church Spitalfields, designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor, is owed to the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches, set up by act of parliament in 1710. Funds seem to have been readily available, to judge by the magnificence of the building. Or did additional money come from the parish itself? At the time Spitalfields was a centre of the silk industry established by Huguenot refugees from France, and wealthy. The organ, installed 11 years after the completion of the church in 1724, was no doubt financed by the parishioners. It had one stop more than the 1710 Harris organ in Salisbury Cathedral, till then probably the largest in England. (When Samuel Green replaced that organ in 1792 he judged 25 stops to be sufficient. In 18th-c. London, the organ of St Paulâs Cathedral had 27 stops, and that of Westminster Abbey 21.)
By the end of the 19th c. however Spitalfields had become very poor. Little was done for (and thus, to) the organ, which fell into disuse and decay. In 2015 William Drake restored the mechanism (using partly original material) and the original stoplist. Of the 34 stops present in 1735 21 are wholly or in part original. Three pedal stops added in the 19th c. were retained, with a removable pedal board. This instrument is NOT heard in my recording â it would certainly be good to have it sampled! But the 1787 Holzhey organ at Weissenau is at least the same size as the Bridge organ, if you subtract the 7 pedal stops from the total of 41.
Florence B. Price (1887-1953): Adoration
Orgue Mutin-CavaillĂ©-Coll (1902), St-Eucaire, Metz (via Hauptwerk) (Dt. Fassung weiter unten) I swear I stumbled across this piece by accident. It seemed a suitable companion piece to ClĂ©ment Loretâs âPriĂšreâ, which I recorded on the same organ and uploaded recently.
It was only when I did some background research that I realised how popular âAdorationâ has suddenly become in the last couple of years â you could say it has âgone viralâ. I initially thought I was dealing with an unpretentious work by an obscure composer. I wondered when exactly it was published but was only moderatly optimistic about being able to find out. Yet when I asked the web I was met with a deluge of information, along with countless performances of the piece both on the organ and in arrangements for all sorts of combinations of instruments. What you hear in this upload is of course the original organ version.
Regarding the composerâs biography there are two items that you cannot escape, so I herewith take my turn in repeating them. One, Florence Price was the first African-American woman to have her work performed by a major classical orchestra (Symphony No. 1, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, 1933). Item number two is her statement about her two handicaps: being a woman, and having black blood in her veins (letter to the conductor Serge Koussevitzky, 1943).
Florence Beatrice Price was born in Little Rock, Arkansas. Her father, James H. Smith, was the townâs only black dentist, her mother (white, it seems) was a music teacher. At the age of sixteen Florence became a student at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, where she initially claimed to be Mexican so as to avoid discrimination. In 1906 she obtained a double degree in organ and as a music teacher.
She seems briefly to have worked as an organist at a church in Nantick, Mass., before returning to Little Rock to teach music. In 1908 (another source gives the date as 1910) she moved to Atlanta, where she became head of the music department of what is now Clark Atlanta University, then a black college. Following her marriage to prominent lawyer Thomas J. Price in 1912 she once more returned to Little Rock, where racial segregation had hardened. She found no employment.
Racial incidents and a lynching persuaded the family â Price had two daughters â to leave Arkansas and move to Chicago in 1927. There Price continued her musical studies (with Leo Sowerby among others, and at the recently established School of Theater Organ at the American Conservatory), but she also studied languages and other subjects.
Thomas and Florence Price divorced in 1931. Shortly after Florence married a widowed insurance broker and former professional baseball player, Pusey Dell Arnett. They separated three years later, though apparently they never divorced. As by now she enjoyed a certain renown Florence kept her name from the first marriage. This had failed among other things as a result of pressure brought on by the economic crisis of the early 1930s. Florence kept herself afloat by various activities, including as a piano teacher, as a theatre organist acompanying silent movies, and by writing music for radio commercials.
In 1932 her Symphony No. 1 won the first prize of the Wanamaker Foundation. The next year it was performed by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra â which consisted entirely of white males, under a German-born conductor, Frederick Stock â as part of a programme entitled âThe Negro in Musicâ.
Price received further honours and awards but continued to have difficulties to make ends meet throughout her life.
She died of a stroke in 1953. She was a prolific composer yet during her lifetime little of her output appeared in print (âAdorationâ was published in December 1951 in The Organ Portfolio, a bi-monthly periodical for organ music). When a derelict house that Price had used as a summer home was renovated in 2009 this resulted in the discovery of a great quantity of her papers and compositions, among them her two violin concertos and her fourth symphony.
Ich versichere, ich bin ganz und gar zufĂ€llig auf dieses StĂŒck gestoĂen. Es schien mir zum kĂŒrzlich hochgeladenen, auf derselben Orgel eingespielten Werk âPriĂšreâ von ClĂ©ment Loret gut zu passen. Erst Nachforschungen zum Hintergrund enthĂŒllten, daĂ âAdorationâ in den letzten beiden Jahren, neudeutsch gesprochen, âviral gegangenâ ist â glaubte ich zunĂ€chst, es mit dem eher unauffĂ€lligen Werk einer unbekannten Komponistin zu tun zu haben, kam mir bei dem bloĂen, fĂŒr nur bedingt aussichtsreich gehaltenen Versuch, das Datum der Veröffentlichung zu ermitteln, ein Schwall von SuchmaschineneintrĂ€gen entgegen. Darunter zahllose Einspielungen sowohl auf der Orgel wie auch in Bearbeitungen fĂŒr alle möglichen Kombinationen anderer Instrumente. Hier zu hören ist natĂŒrlich die Originalversion fĂŒr Orgel.
Sobald man sich mit der Biographie der Komponistin befaĂt, sind zwei Mitteilungen nicht zu vermeiden, die ich hier meinerseits wiederhole: zum einen, daĂ sie die erste Afro-Amerikanerin war, die von einem groĂen Orchester aufgefĂŒhrt wurde (Sinfonie Nr. 1, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, 1933), zum anderen ihre Aussage, sie habe mit zweierlei Hindernissen zu kĂ€mpfen: sie sei eine Frau, und sie habe schwarzes Blut in den Adern (1943 in einem Brief an den Dirigenten Serge Koussevitzky).
Florence Beatrice Price wurde in Little Rock, Arkansas, geboren. Ihr Vater James H. Smith war der einzige schwarze Zahnarzt der Stadt; ihre (offenbar weiĂe) Mutter Musiklehrerin. SechzehnjĂ€hrig ging sie ans New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, wo sie sich zunĂ€chst, um Diskriminierung wegen ihrer Hautfarbe zu vermeiden, als Mexikanerin ausgab. 1906 erwarb sie einen doppelten AbschluĂ im Fach Orgel und als Musikerzieherin.
Nachdem sie kurzzeitig als Organistin an einer Kirche in Nantick, Massachusetts, und dann in ihrer Heimatstadt als Musiklehrerin tĂ€tig war, zog Price 1908 (nach anderer Angabe 1910) nach Atlanta, wo sie die Leitung der MusikfakultĂ€t an einem College fĂŒr Schwarzafrikaner (jetzt Clark Atlanta University) ĂŒbernahm. Nach ihrer Heirat mit dem prominenten Rechtsanwalt Thomas J. Price 1912 kehrte sie zurĂŒck nach Little Rock, wo inzwischen die Rassentrennung verschĂ€rft worden war und man sie nirgends beschĂ€ftigen wollte.
Nach Rassenunruhen und einem Lynchmord 1927 entschied sich die Familie â Price hatte zwei Töchter â zum Umzug nach Chicago. Dort setzte Price ihre musikalische Ausbildung an verschiedenen Lehranstalten fort (so bei Leo Sowerby, und an der eben neu geschaffenen School of Theater Organ des American Conservatory), studierte aber auch Sprachen und andere FĂ€cher.
Kurz nach der Trennung von Thomas Price 1931 heiratete Florence einen verwitweten Versicherungsmakler und frĂŒheren professionellen Baseball-Spieler, Pusey Dell Arnett. Die Verbindung hielt nur bis 1934, die Ehe wurde aber offenbar nie geschieden. Da sie sich inzwischen einer gewissen Bekanntheit erfreute, behielt Price ihren vorigen Ehenamen bei. Zur ZerrĂŒttung der Ehe mit Thomas Price hatte die Wirtschaftskrise der frĂŒhen dreiĂiger Jahre beigetragen. Florence schlug sich etwa als Klavierlehrerin, als Organistin in Stummfilmkinos und mit Musik fĂŒr Radioreklamen durch.
1932 gewann sie mit ihrer Sinfonie Nr. 1 den ersten Preis eines Wettbewerbs der Wanamaker Foundation. Im folgenden Jahr fĂŒhrte das Chicago Symphony Orchestra â nur aus weiĂen Musikern bestehend â unter seinem deutschstĂ€mmigen Dirigenten Frederick (Friedrich August) Stock das Werk im Rahmen eines Konzertprogramms mit dem Titel âThe Negro in Musicâ auf.
Price wurde in der Folge noch mit diversen Ehrungen und Preisen bedacht, lebte aber in anhaltend prekÀren finanziellen VerhÀltnissen.
1953 starb sie an einem Schlaganfall. Von ihren zahlreichen Werken erschien zu Lebzeiten wenig im Druck (âAdorationâ publizierte sie im Dezember 1951 in The Organ Portfolio, einer zweimal monatlich erscheinenden Zeitschrift mit Orgelwerken). 2009 stieĂ man bei der Renovierung eines Hauses, das Price als Sommerhaus genutzt hatte, auf einen Berg ihrer Papiere und Kompositionen, darunter ihre beiden Violinkonzerte und ihre vierten Sinfonie.
Domenico Puccini (1772-1815): Sonata XV (Pastorale) per organo
Organo Serassi della Parrocchia Sta. Maria Annunziata di Serina (1791) English below Domenico Puccini war SproĂ einer Organistenfamilie: der Vater Domorganist in Lucca, wie auch schon dessen Vater, und wie nach ihm sein Sohn. Sie alle waren auch als Leiter weltlicher Orchester tĂ€tig, sie alle komponierten. BerĂŒhmter als sie alle wurde freilich Enkel Giacomo, dessen Laufbahn zwar ebenfalls mit einer TĂ€tigkeit als Organist in Lucca begann, der allerdings seiner Opern wegen berĂŒhmt wurde. (Nicht daĂ nicht auch schon die Vorfahren Opern geschrieben hĂ€tten! Nur schlummern die, wie die meisten anderen ihrer Werke, in Archiven in Lucca, wo offenbar ganze Schubladen oder vielleicht auch Archivboxen davon ĂŒberquellen.)
Im Video gebe ich 1804 als das Datum an, von dem an Domenico als Domorganist tĂ€tig war â dies allerdings vertretungsweise, denn Titular war seit 1779 sein Vater Antonio (1747-1831). Domenico starb 1815 so jung, daĂ das Amt 1831 an seinen Sohn Michele ĂŒberging. Ăbrigens spielte auch die Mutter, Caterina Tesei, Orgel, und vertrat ihren Ehemann ebenfalls. Domenico studierte in Bologna bei Stanislao Mattei und in Neapel bei Giovanni Paisiello. Franco Baggiano (Organi e organisti nella cattedrale di Lucca, Lucca 1982) fĂŒhrt dutzende geistliche wie weltliche Werke von Domenico auf, dabei sind in der Liste die 43 Suonate per organo, denen das hier zu hörende StĂŒck entnommen ist und die vor einigen Jahren von M. Machella ediert wurden (4 Bde., Padua: Armelin 2000-2006), gar nicht enthalten. Baggiano zitiert den Komponisten und Musikschriftsteller Luigi Nerici (~1831 Lucca â 1885 ebd.), der in seiner 1880 erschienenen Storia della musica in Lucca zu Domenico bemerkt: âEr war ⊠ein hervorragender Orgelspieler; er schrieb fĂŒr dieses Instrument in leichtem und freiem Stil Sinfonien, Offertorien, Elevazionen, Postcommuni, Versetten etc. ⊠wenn sie freilich damals gefielen, vermögen sie das heutzutage nicht mehr, spricht aus ihnen doch zu sehr die Zeit, in der sie entstanden.â (ââŠfu bravissimo suonatore dâorgano; scrisse per questo strumento in stile facile e libero Sinfonie, Offertori, Elevazioni, Postcommuni, Versetti &c. ⊠ma se piacevano allora non possono piĂč piacere adesso, chĂ© troppo risentono del tempo in cui nacquero.â) (Das Buch von Nerici findet sich digitalisiert im Netz. Dort heiĂt es ĂŒbrigens, Domenico habe bereits seit 1796 Vertretungsdienste am Dom ĂŒbernommen; bei Baggiano steht 1804 als Datum einer formellen Anstellung. Im ausgelassenen Teil des Zitats erfahren wir, daĂ die fraglichen Orgelwerke zur Zeit der Abfassung des Buches in der Umgebung von Lucca noch zahlreich kursierten, offenbar in Abschriften.)
DaĂ Domenico im Stil der Zeit komponierte, ist kaum erstaunlich; daĂ er deshalb nicht mehr hörenswert ist, mag man anders sehen. Möglich, daĂ Nerici sein Urteil aus dem Geist der âcĂ€cilianischenâ Reformbewegung fĂ€llt, die an dem ausgesprochen weltlichen, unterhaltenden Charakter der in Italien gĂ€ngigen, gerade auch im Gottesdienst gebrĂ€uchlichen Orgelmusik AnstoĂ nahm. Wie dem auch sei â mir scheint Domenico eher ein weiteres Paradebeispiel dafĂŒr, daĂ die heute noch bekannten âklassischenâ Komponisten nur die Spitze eines Eisbergs darstellen und daĂ der Umstand, daĂ jemandes Musik weitgehend in Vergessenheit geraten ist, sehr hĂ€ufig nichts, aber auch gar nichts mit mangelnder QualitĂ€t zu tun hat. (Wer, auĂer allenfalls ein ausgemachter Spezialist, wĂŒrde denn stutzen, diente man ihm dies hier als einen neu entdeckten Mozart oder Haydn an?)
Manche der 43 Sonaten sind hochvirtuos, das eingespielte StĂŒck dagegen offenbar bewuĂt einfach gehalten. Es heiĂt zwar in der Partitur nicht so, doch haben wir es deutlich mit einer Pastorale zu tun, die sich eng an die Vorbilder in der italienischen Volksmusik hĂ€lt: nicht nur Sechsachteltakt und wiegender Rhythmus (wie sie Komponisten von Kunstmusik nördlich der Alpen meist schon als Merkmal einer âPastoraleâ genĂŒgen), auch Hang zu Terz- und Quintakkorden, Borduntöne, wie sie fĂŒr Drehleier und Dudelsack typisch sind, ein deutlicher âVolkstonâ. Dabei empfinde ich es wiederum als Ausweis kompositorischen Talents, daĂ trotz der ganz schlichten, âdĂŒnnenâ Faktur und trotz betrĂ€chtlicher LĂ€nge das StĂŒck zumindest in meinen Ohren keinen Augenblick âdurchhĂ€ngtâ, vielmehr durchgĂ€ngig charmiert.
Im Netz kursiert, gekennzeichnet als PortrĂ€t von Domenico, das Konterfei eines jungen Mannes: blaugoldener Prunkrock, gepuderte PerĂŒcke, NotenblĂ€tter in der Hand und vor sich auf dem Tisch. Es befindet sich wohl im Puccini-Haus in Lucca (Geburtshaus von Giacomo P.), dessen Internetauftritt â wie ebenso das Buch von Baggiano â den Dargestellten aber als Antonio P. identifiziert, was schon aus stilistischen GrĂŒnden plausibler ist. Beide Quellen bringen als PortrĂ€t von Domenico das in meinem Video zum SchluĂ eingeblendete Bild.
Domenico Puccini was part of a dynasty. His father was cathedral organist in Lucca, as was his grandfather. So would his son be later. All of them also ran secular orchestras. All of them composed. More famous than all of them, however, was to be Giacomo, the grandson. He too started his musical career as an organist in Lucca, but became a household name by writing operas. (So, actually, did his forebears. But their operas, along with most of their other works, slumber in archives in Lucca, where it seems there are plentiful drawers, or perhaps acid-free boxes, overflowing with them.)
In the video I give 1804 as the year in which Domenico became cathedral organist. But he was only ever a deputy for his father Antonio (1747-1831): Domenico died so young, in 1815, that in 1831 the office passed to his son Michele. In fact he had a fellow deputy organist in the shape of his mother, Caterina Tesei, herself a renowned keyboard player. Domenico studied at Bologna with Stanislao Mattei and at Naples with Giovanni Paisiello. Franco Baggiano (Organi e organisti nella cattedrale di Lucca, Lucca 1982) lists dozens of church and secular works by Domenico, but apparently knew nothing of the 43 Suonate per organo from which the piece heard here is taken. These were edited some years ago by M. Machella (4 vols., Padua: Armelin 2000-2006). Baggiano quotes the composer and writer on music Luigi Nerici (~1831 Lucca â 1885 Lucca), who in his Storia della musica in Lucca, published in 1880, says of Domenico: âHe was ⊠an excellent organ player; he wrote for that instrument, in an easy and free style, symphonies, offertories, elevations, postcommuni, versets etc. âŠ. yet if they found favour then they can no longer do so today, too much imbued as they are with the spirit of their time.â (ââŠfu bravissimo suonatore dâorgano; scrisse per questo strumento in stile facile e libero Sinfonie, Offertori, Elevazioni, Postcommuni, Versetti &c. ⊠ma se piacevano allora non possono piĂč piacere adesso, chĂ© troppo risentono del tempo in cui nacquero.â) (The book by Nerici can be found on the web. According to Nerici Domenico substituted as cathedral organist already from 1796 onwards; Baggiano refers to the date 1804 as that of some form of official appointment. In the omitted part of the quotation we learn that when Nerici wrote the book the organ works in question were still popular in the Lucca region, where presumably they circulated in manuscript.)
If Domenico composed in the style of his time that is scarcely surprising; whether that means he is no longer worth listening to is another question. It is possible that Nerici wrote under the influence of the âCecilianâ reform movement, wich took offence at the very secular, entertaining character of the kind of organ music popular in Italy well into the 19th century and which was routinely played in church. However that may be â to my mind Domenico is really another good illustration of the fact that those musicians of past ages whose works are revered today are but the tip of the iceberg and that the oblivion that has engulfed so many of the rest often has nothing whatsoever to do with any deficiency in talent. (Who, except perhaps for some rare specialists, would be in doubt if something like this were presented to them as a newly discovered masterpiece by Mozart or Haydn?)
Some of the 43 sonatas are designed to show off the technical abilities of the player; not so this one, its simple style clearly deliberate. Though the score does not label it a pastorale that is evidently what we are dealing with, a piece close to the roots of the genre in Italian folk music. We find not only the triple time and swaying rhythms that in art music north of the Alps were usually considered sufficient for naming a piece a pastorale, but also the predilection for chords made up of thirds and fifths, drone effects typical of the hurdy-gurdy and the bagpipe, and more generally a folk band feel. And to my mind it is really an indication of great musical talent that despite the simple, âthinâ texture of the piece and its considerable length at no time does it feel too long, maintaining its charm throughout.
In many places on the internet you will find, labelled as a portrait of Domenico, a painting of a young man: ornate blue and gold coat, powdered whig, a sheaf of musical manuscripts in his hand and another on the table before him. This painting may be in the Puccini Museum in Lucca, in the house where Giacomo P. was born. But the museum website identifies this portrait as that of Antonio P., as does the book by Baggiano; and indeed stylistic considerations alone make that much more plausible. As a portrait of Domenico both sources feature the image seen at the end of my video.
Georg Rathgeber (1869-1949): Orgel-Trio C-Dur op. 43 Nr. 1 (Heppenheim St. Peter)
English below! Zu musikalischen Fragen, die das StĂŒck aufwirft, siehe die Videobeschreibung des zugleich hochgeladenen Trio Nr. 7 [weiter unten] â hier einige biographische Notizen. Laudenbach, der Geburtsort von Georg Rathgeber, ist heute Ortsteil von Weikersheim, letzteres einst Residenz der evangelischen FĂŒrsten zu Hohenlohe; Laudenbach hingegen gehörte zum Hochstift WĂŒrzburg und ist katholisch geprĂ€gt. Ebenso Hechingen: die FĂŒrsten von Hohenzollern-Hechingen, in Sichtweite der namengebenden Stammburg, blieben anders als die nach Franken oder Brandenburg ausgewanderten Vettern, und anders als der groĂe Nachbar WĂŒrttemberg, stets katholisch. In Hechingen selbst ist das auffallendste Bauwerk nicht das heute nurmehr wenig bemerkenswerte SchloĂ (der VorgĂ€ngerbau der Renaissance war architektonisch viel interessanter), sondern die Stiftskirche St. Jakob (auch sie ein allerdings sehr gelungener klassizistischer Bau, der in den 1780er Jahren an die Stelle eines gotischen VorgĂ€ngers trat).
Hier ĂŒbernahm Rathgeber 1903 die Stelle des Regens chori oder Chorleiters, wie wohl auch die des Organisten, als Nachfolger von Michael Lehmann (1827-1903)(Lehmann hatte jedenfalls beide Stellen inne). Lehmann, Musiker, Lehrer und Journalist (wie ebenso Rathgeber) sowie ĂŒberdies Schriftsteller und BuchhĂ€ndler, war engagierter Teilnehmer des âKulturkampfesâ, den Reichskanzler Bismarck gegen die katholischen âUltramontanenâ fĂŒhrte, wobei Lehmann mehrfach zu kurzen GefĂ€ngnisstrafen verurteilt wurde. (Lehmann war ein UrgroĂonkel des unlĂ€ngst verstorbenen Erzbischofs von Mainz, Kardinal Karl Lehmann.) Von Lehmann ĂŒbernahm Rathgeber auch den Posten des Chefredakteurs der der Zentrums-Partei nahestehenden Zeitung Der Zoller, den er allerdings 1906 wieder aufgab, um stattdessen stĂ€dtischer Beamter zu werden. Die Chorleiter- (und Organisten-?)Stelle hatte er bis 1920 inne, um sich danach ganz dem Komponieren zu widmen.
Neben seiner TĂ€tigkeit an der Stiftskirche begleitete er auf dem Harmonium auch Gottesdienste an der Hechinger Synagoge. In der Stiftskirche stand ein Instrument des Hechinger Orgelbauers Konrad Keppner aus der Erbauungszeit der Kirche zur VerfĂŒgung, das Joseph Klingler aus Stetten 1847 umgebaut und erweitert hatte. NĂ€heres dazu fand ich nicht. 1939 wurde es durch einen Neubau der Firma Gebr. SpĂ€th ersetzt, der bis 1991 Bestand hatte. Die heutige Orgel der Fima Göckel, mit modernem Prospekt, stammt von 2004.
For a discussion of questions raised by this piece as such see the video description of Trio no. 7, uploaded together with this one [see further down]. Here you will find some biographical notes on the composer. His birthplace Laudenbach is now administratively part of the town of Weikersheim, in former times the seat of a Protestant branch of the princes of Hohenlohe. By contrast, Laudenbach was then part of the territory of the prince-archbishops of WĂŒrzburg. Its religious tradition therefore is Roman Catholic. So is that of the town of Hechingen: the princes of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, within sight of the castle from which the Hohenzollern dynasty takes its name, always remained Roman Catholic, unlike their emigrĂ© cousins in Franconia and Berlin and unlike also their big neighbour, the duchy of WĂŒrttemberg. The most remarkable building in Hechingen today is not the princely palace (much less interesting architecturally than its Renaissance predecessor), but the collegiate church of St James (Stiftskirche St. Jakob). It too is a neoclassical building, dating from the 1780s and replacing a (Gothic) predecessor, but visually it is highly successful.
It was here that Rathgeber in 1903 became choirmaster and probably organist as well, succeeding Michael Lehmann (1827-1903) who definitely combined both positions. Lehmann, a musician, teacher and journalist (like Rathgeber) as well as a writer and bookseller, was a committed participant in the conflict between chancellor Bismarck and the Roman Catholic church in the 1870s and was repeatedly sentenced to brief prison terms. He was a great-uncle of the recently deceased archbishop of Mainz cardinal Karl Lehmann. Rathgeber also took over from Lehmann as editor of Der Zoller, a local newspaper close to the Roman Catholic Zentrums-Partei. However he relinquished that position already in 1906 to work for the municipality instead. He continued as choirmaster and possibly organist until 1920, at which point he decided to become a full-time composer.
Besides his work at the stiftskirche Rathgeber also accompanied services at the Hechingen synagogue, where he played the harmonium. The church had an organ by the Hechingen builder Konrad Keppner dating from the time of its construction. Joseph Klingler from Stetten modified and enlarged this organ in 1847; but I have no details. In 1939 the SpÀth company installed a new instrument which lasted until 1991. The current organ, in a new case, was built by Göckel in 2004.
Georg Rathgeber (1869-1949): Orgel-Trio B-Dur op. 43 Nr. 7 (Heppenheim St. Peter)
English below! Zur Biographie des Komponisten siehe die Videobeschreibung des zugleich hochgeladenen Trio Nr. 1 [s.o.] â hier einige Bemerkungen zu musikalischen Fragen. Die 17 âOrgel-Trioâ (merkwĂŒrdigerweise ohne Plural-s) erschienen 1903, also im selben Jahr, in dem Rathgeber, nach Stationen in WĂŒrzburg und Stuttgart, nach Hechingen ging. Ich lud mir die Noten vor Jahren in einer neu gesetzten Fassung herunter (die Originalausgabe war damals nicht digitalisiert verfĂŒgbar), wo als Tempo-Angabe Achtel = 69 (Trio 1) bzw. 76 (Trio 7) steht. Nachdem die Aufnahme von Trio 7 fertig war, fand ich das Tempo zu schnell â PrĂŒfung ergab, ich spiele eher 92 als 76. Daraufhin ĂŒberlegte ich, ob die Metronom-Angabe eigentlich vom Komponisten stammt, und forschte nach dem Originaldruck â und stellte fest, daĂ der nicht nur in der Tat inzwischen bei imslp.com eingestellt ist, sondern ich ihn zwischenzeitlich schon einmal heruntergeladen hatte, nur um ihn sofort wieder zu vergessen.
Die Ăberraschung war nun groĂ, daĂ die 76-er Metronom-Angabe dort wirklich steht, ebenso die 69 bei Trio 1: aber bezogen auf Viertel, nicht Achtel! Konnte das ein Versehen sein? Das StĂŒck ist nicht eigentlich schwer, aber auch nicht ganz so einfach, wie die Noten aussehen mögen, und zumal der Pedalpart stellenweise etwas heikel. Bezieht man die 76 nun wirklich auf die Viertel, potenzieren sich die technischen Herausforderungen, wĂ€hrend sich die Spieldauer auf etwas ĂŒber eine Minute reduziert: das klingt vermutlich immer noch ganz hĂŒbsch, lohnt es aber den Ăbeaufwand? Eigentlich bekommt diesen 17 eher lyrischen, im Charakter Ă€hnlichen StĂŒcken ein langsameres Tempo gut, womöglich besser als das vorgeschlagene rasche. Die Metronom-Angabe ist durchweg auf Viertel bezogen, auf Achtel nur bei denjenigen Nummern, wo in der Bruchzahl der Taktart eine Acht steht. Das hat also System â trotzdem bin ich mir nicht ganz sicher, ob der Komponist das wirklich so gemeint haben kann, oder ob nicht doch irgendein Irrtum vorliegt.
For biographical notes on the composer see the video description of his Trio No. 1, uploaded together with this one [see above]. Here you will find some comments on the music. The 17 organ trios were published in 1903, the same year in which Rathgeber arrived in Hechingen, having previously lived and worked in WĂŒrzburg and Stuttgart. I downloaded the score years ago in a newly typeset version (the original edition was not then available online), where there are metronome markings of 69 (Trio 1) and 76 (Trio 7) for the quaver. When the recording of Trio 7 was finished I thought the tempo was too fast: indeed it is about 92 for the quaver. I then wondered if the metronome markings are in fact the composerâs and looked for the original edition â to find that not only had it become available at imslp.com, but that at some point I had in fact downloaded it already, only to forget about it immediately.
Surprise: the metronome markings of 76 and 69 are indeed in the original edition, but for the crotchet, not for the quaver! Could this be a mistake? The pieces are not terribly difficult, though not as easy as they may look in the score; the pedal part especially has awkward moments. Now if the metronome markings are really meant for the crotchet, the technical challenge becomes quite considerable while the duration of the pieces shrinks to just over a minute. Presumably they still sound nice like that, but do they warrant the effort needed to master them at that speed? The 17 pieces are all quite similar and lyrical in character: a slower tempo to my mind suits them, better perhaps than the fast tempo indicated in the original printing. There the metronome markings are always for the crotchet except where the lower numeral of the time signature is an 8: then the metronome markings are for the quaver. So there is a system to this. Nevertheless I am still not entirely convinced no error is somehow involved here.
Noel Rawsthorne (1929-2019): Abide With Me
Binns organ (1901) of Haverhill Old Independent Church (Deutsche Fassung weiter unten) Born at Birkenhead, Noel Rawsthorne was a chorister first at Liverpool parish church, then at the Anglican cathedral. At the same time he had organ lessons at nearby St Georgeâs Hall. After studying at the Royal Manchester Institute of Music he became assistant organist of Liverpool Anglican cathedral in 1949 and succeeded to the full post in 1955. He held it until 1980, then served as city organist at St Georgeâs Hall for another four years before becoming a full-time concert organist and composer.
I find it odd that a hymn as famous as Abide With Me has not inspired more and better organ music. The few treatments I know do not satisfy me musically â usually they dilute Monkâs magnificent tune too much by modifying it or overlaying it with too much other material. Rawsthorneâs piece at least does not do that, instead presenting the tune straightforwardly with a restrained accompaniment. What I find strange in this piece also is that it somehow lacks a steady beat. Instead it feels as if it slowed down as it progresses. The accompaniment is in quavers at the beginning, but these soon give way to crotchets and minims, while at the same time the note values of the cantus firmus lengthen. I do not understand why this is done. Still there are fine harmonies and the tune is allowed to work its magic. I have added the actual hymn in Monkâs original harmonisation of 1861.
The tempo may seem slow. Rawsthorne actually suggests MM=52 for the crotchet, which is slower still. R. Vaughan Williamsâs English Hymnal of 1906 suggests MM=60, which is roughly what you hear in my recording.
Noel Rawsthorne wurde in Birkenhead geboren und war Chorknabe erst an der Stadtkirche von Liverpool, dann ebendort an der anglikanischen Kathedrale (in Liverpool muĂ man die Konfession dazusagen â in der Stadtsilhouette konkurrieren die Bischofskirchen der Anglikaner und Katholiken, beide wenngleich sehr unterschiedliche architektonische Meisterwerke des 20. Jhs.). Seinen ersten Orgelunterricht erhielt Rawsthorne an der stĂ€dtischen St Georgeâs Hall, studierte dann am Royal Manchester Institute of Music. Seit 1949 als Organist an der anglikanischen Kathedrale tĂ€tig, wurde er 1955 deren Hauptorganist und blieb es bis 1980. Nach vier Jahren als stĂ€dtischer Organist an der St Georgeâs Hall widmete er sich in der Folge ganz seinem Wirken als Konzertorganist und Komponist.
Ich finde es erstaunlich, daĂ ein so ĂŒberaus berĂŒhmter Choral wie Abide With Me (Wikipedia deutsch, Artikel âWilliam Henry Monkâ: âMonks Melodie Eventide zu Henry Francis Lytes Text Abide with me ist als Abend- und Sterbelied bis heute jedem Briten vertraut. Es erklingt bei BegrĂ€bnissen und anderen AnlĂ€ssen der königlichen Familie, bei den militĂ€rischen Gedenkfeiern Festival of Remembrance in der Royal Albert Hall und ANZAC Day, aber auch alljĂ€hrlich zu Beginn des Finalspiels des FA Cup sowie in zahlreichen Spielfilmszenenâ) nicht mehr und bessere Orgelmusik inspiriert hat. Die wenigen mir bekannten BeitrĂ€ge ĂŒberzeugen mich musikalisch nicht. Oft beeintrĂ€chtigen sie Monks groĂartige Melodie zu sehr, indem sie sie verĂ€ndern oder zu stark ĂŒberlagern. Rawsthornes StĂŒck tut das nicht, bringt die Melodie vielmehr im Original, mit nur leichten Ănderungen der Notenwerte und einer zurĂŒckhaltenden Begleitung. Seltsam finde ich allerdings auch bei diesem StĂŒck, daĂ ihm irgendwie der stetige Rhythmus fehlt. Stattdessen wirkt es, als wĂŒrde es sich verlangsamen: die Begleitung erklingt eingangs in Achteln, an deren Stelle dann Viertel und halbe Noten treten, wĂ€hrend sich zugleich die Notenwerte der Melodie verlĂ€ngern. Der Sinn erschlieĂt sich mir nicht. Immerhin, es gibt schöne KlĂ€nge und die Melodie darf ihren Zauber entfalten. HinzugefĂŒgt habe ich den Choral selbst in Monks ursprĂŒnglichem Satz von 1861.
Das Tempo mag langsam erscheinen. TatsĂ€chlich empfiehlt Rawsthorne selbst MM=52 fĂŒr die Viertelnoten, was noch langsamer wĂ€re. Ralph Vaughan Williamsâ English Hymna von 1906 empfiehlt MM=60, das entspricht ungefĂ€hr dem Tempo in meiner Aufnahme.
Gustav Rebling (1821-1902): O du fröhliche (Weihnachts-Pastorale)(nach BWV 590)(Körmend St. Elisabeth)
(English below) Eigentlich heiĂt dieses StĂŒck nur âWeihnachts-Pastoraleâ. Wobei sich der Komponist einen Scherz erlaubt: in den ersten Takte des StĂŒcks zitiert er wortwörtlich den Beginn der Pastorella (Pastorale) BWV 590 von Johann Sebastian Bach, ehe das StĂŒck einen Haken schlĂ€gt und unter Beibehaltung des rhythmischen Grundmusters auf das bekannte Weihnachtslied umschwenkt. Dessen Titel habe ich nun auch dem Titel des Videos hinzugefĂŒgt, nachdem die Youtube-Algorithmen es in den ersten zwei Jahren nach dem Hochladen offenbar ziemlich links liegen lieĂen. Auf Youtube-VorschlĂ€ge dĂŒrfte dieses Werk, das wie ich finde viel gröĂere Bekanntheit verdient, aber angewiesen sein, denn wer sucht schon aktiv nach Werken des Komponisten Gustav Rebling, auch er vielleicht eher unverdient der Vergessenheit anheimgefallen?
Gustav Rebling, 1821 als Sohn des Kantors der Stadtkirche in Barby an der Elbe geboren, verbrachte den gröĂten Teil seines Lebens im wenige Kilometer fluĂabwĂ€rts gelegenen Magdeburg. Nachdem er 1839 seine Ausbildung an der Musikschule Dessau abgeschlossen hatte, lieĂ er sich in Magdeburg als Klavier- und Gesangslehrer nieder. Von 1847 an war er auch Dozent am Lehrerseminar, ehe er 1854 als Gesangslehrer ans Domgymnasium wechselte und zugleich die Leitung des Domchors ĂŒbernahm. Hier arbeitete er mit dem Domorganisten August Gottfried Ritter zusammen. Neben seiner TĂ€tigkeit als Chorleiter trat Rebling als Pianist und als Organist hervor (bis 1853 war er Organist der Französisch-Reformierten Kirche in Magdeburg).
Das StĂŒck ist nicht furchtbar laut â es könnte sich empfehlen, die LautstĂ€rke herunterzuregeln. Das geht immer, aber ein zu leiser Upload lĂ€Ăt sich hörerseitig nurmehr schwer verstĂ€rken. Deshalb lade ich leise StĂŒcke lieber etwas zu laut hoch.
The title of this piece is really only âWeihnachts-Pastoraleâ (Weihnacht = Christmas). In fact the composer is playing a trick on the audience: he starts off with an exact quotation of the opening bars of J.S. Bachâs Pastorella (Pastorale) BWV 590, before the piece suddenly changes tack and segues into the christmas carol O du Fröhliche (O How Joyfully), all the while maintaining the same rhythmic pattern. I have now added the title of the carol to the title of the video, which in the first two years after its upload seems to have been largely ignored by Youtubeâs algorithms. Hopefully this change will heighten the visibility of the piece, which I think deserves more attention. After all it is not very probable that many people will actively search either for it or its likewise forgotten composer, so the video has to rely on suggestions on Youtubeâs part to be discovered.
Born in 1821 as the son of the director of music of the parish church of the town of Barby on the river Elbe, Gustav Rebling spent most of his life in Magdeburg, a few kilometres downstream. Having completed his studies at the Musikschule in Dessau in 1839, he settled in Magdeburg as a piano and voice teacher. From 1847 he also taught at the teachersâ seminary, before switching to the Domgymnasium (Cathedral School) in 1854 to teach voice while also becoming choirmaster of the cathedral choir. In this capacity he collaborated with the cathedral organist, August Gottfried Ritter. Rebling also worked as a pianist and organist (until 1853 he was the organist of the French Reformed Church in Magdeburg).
The piece is not terribly loud â it might be advisable to reduce the volume. Thatâs always possible, but an upload that is too soft is difficult to make louder at the listenerâs end. Therefore I prefer to upload soft music at a relatively high volume.
Johann Ernst Rembt (1749-1810): Nun danket alle Gott
Buchholz-Orgel Kronstadt (BraĆov)(1839)(English below) J.E. Rembt lernte bei Johann Peter Kellner in GrĂ€fenroda und bereiste â wohl danach:1768 â die Niederlande und Frankreich, wo sein Orgelspiel Aufsehen erregte. Ansonsten blieb er zeitlebens seiner Heimatstadt Suhl verhaftet, wurde dort 1772 Organist der Kreuzkirche, im Jahr darauf der Hauptkirche St. Marien. Die barocken Instrumente, die er dort spielte, sind beide erhalten, das der Kreuzkirche in ursprĂŒnglicherer Form.
Von 1786 an veröffentlichte er bei Breitkopf in Leipzig einen Teil seiner Orgelwerke, namentlich Choralvorspiele, eine groĂe Zahl Fughetten und freie Trios. Letztere (mindestens einen ersten Teilband) widmete er C.P.E. Bach in Hamburg, mit dem er im Briefwechsel stand. Ernst Ludwig Gerbers âLexikon der TonkĂŒnstlerâ (Ausgabe 1812/13) nennt weitere ungedruckte Werke, die es anscheinend auch geblieben sind.
Einige der Fughetten â solide Kontrapunktstudien â habe ich in der FrĂŒhzeit dieses Kanals aufgenommen. Hier nun aus den Leichten triomĂ€Ăigen Choralvorspielen, die Breitkopf 1797 in zwei BĂ€nden herausbrachte, das zu Nun danket alle Gott (wieder abgedruckt in W. van Twillert, Organisten uit de 18e en 19e eeuw Bd. 1, wo als Verleger der Quelle H.C. Steup in Amsterdam genannt ist: dieser fungierte um die Wende zum 19.Jh. anscheinend als Agent fĂŒr Breitkopf wie auch fĂŒr Schott in Mainz, wobei er die ursprĂŒngliche Verlagsangabe ĂŒberkleben lieĂ). Rembt liefert hier reinstes, sich fast schon selbst persiflierendes Rokoko, sehr passend zum Dekor seiner Kirche. Den ersten Teil der Choralmelodie prĂ€sentiert er samt Wiederholung, und man erwartet dann natĂŒrlich auch den zweiten Teil â doch Rembt dreht dem Hörer eine lange Nase.
J.E. Rembt studied with Johann Peter Kellner at GrĂ€fenroda. Presumably after this, in 1768, he travelled to the Netherlands and France, where his organ playing was admired. Otherwise, however, he essentially lived his life in his hometown of Suhl, where in 1772 he was appointed organist of the Kreuzkirche (Holy Cross Church) before moving on to the principal parish church, St. Maryâs, in the following year. The Baroque instruments he played in these churches are extant, with the one in the Kreuzkirche least tampered with.
From 1786 onwards he published a substantial part of his organ works with Breitkopf in Leipzig: chorale preludes, a great many fughettas, and non-chorale-based trios. The latter (or at least a first volume of them) he dedicated to C.P.E. Bach in Hamburg, with whom he corresponded. Ernst Ludwig Gerberâs musical dictionary (edition of 1812-1813) also lists unpublished works; they do not seem to have been printed since.
I recorded a number of the fughettas â solid contrapuntal stuff â in the early days of this channel. This new upload is from a collection that Rembt called Leichte triomĂ€Ăige Choralvorspiele (Easy Chorale Preludes in the Manner of a Trio) and which appeared with Breitkopf in 1797. The item recorded here has been reedited by W. van Twillert (Organisten uit de 18e en 19e eeuw vol. 1, where the publisher of the source is given as H.C. Steup in Amsterdam: around the turn of the 19th c. Steup apparently acted as a sort of agent both for Breitkopf in Leipzig and Schott in Mainz, pasting his own name and address over the original imprint). Rembt is in pure rococo mode here, to the point almost of parody, and in perfect harmony with the dĂ©cor of his church. He presents the first part of the hymn tune, complete with the repeat, and of course you expect to hear the second part also â but he thumbs his nose at you.
Williamson John Reynolds (1861-1922): Allegretto pastorale
J.J. Binns-Orgel der Old Independent Church, Haverhill, Suffolk (1901) English below! In der von John Stainer und F. Cunningham Woods herausgegebenen Serie The Village Organist (verfĂŒgbar auf imslp.com) finden sich vier StĂŒcke mit der Autorenangabe âW. John Reynoldsâ (was darauf hindeutet, daĂ Reynolds als Rufnamen wohl âJohnâ benutzte). Reynolds, in London geboren, wurde dort 1890 Organist an St Michael Cornhill (in dieser Eigenschaft Nachfolger von William Boyce), und in der Folge â 1900 bzw. 1920 â Organist der jeweiligen Hauptpfarrkirchen von Birmingham und Stratford-on-Avon.
Das hier eingespielte Werk, erstmals 1897 gedruckt, findet sich in Band II der achtbĂ€ndigen Sammelausgabe des Village Organist (die Veröffentlichung erfolgte ursprĂŒnglich in kleineren Lieferungen). Es ist so kurz, daĂ ich erwog, es mit mindestens einem der anderen drei StĂŒcke zu kombinieren, es will aber zu keinem davon recht passen (so verwandt sie einander stilistisch sind).
Im Vorwort der Sammlung machen sich die beiden Herausgeber anheischig, StĂŒcke zu bieten, die âsimple but not uninterestingâ seien. Das Allegretto pastorale sieht auf den ersten Blick tatsĂ€chlich einfach aus. Der hier gebotenen Aufnahme ging allerdings eine irritierend lange Serie von Fehlversuchen voraus, bei denen immer mindestens eine Unvollkommenheit störte. Die raschen, dabei natĂŒrlich möglichst legato zu spielenden Akkordprogressionen erfordern bestĂ€ndige, immer wieder knifflige stumme Fingerwechsel. Sie sind schwer ganz sauber hinzubekommen, zumal bei laufender Kamera. Kleinigkeiten, ĂŒber die man im Konzert, gar im Gottesdienst hinwegsĂ€he oder die man gar nicht bemerken wĂŒrde, wiegen schwerer in einer Aufnahme, die man prĂŒfend noch einmal hören kann.
Interessant ist das Werk zumindest insofern, als der eher an leichte Muse erinnernde Gestus und nicht zuletzt die charakteristische Harmonik sehr reprĂ€sentativ sind fĂŒr einen breiten Strom der englischen Orgelmusik der Zeit.
In The Village Organist, the series of organ music edited by John Stainer and F. Cunningham Woods (available on imslp.com), there are four pieces by one âW. John Reynoldsâ (it would appear from this that Reynolds was called âJohnâ by his friends). Born in London, Reynolds in 1890 became the organist of St Michael Cornhill (in which capacity he was a successor of William Boyce), before going on, in 1900 and 1920 respectively, to hold the organistships of the senior parish churches of Birmingham and Stratford-on-Avon.
The work heard here, first printed in 1897, is found in volume II of the eight-volume omnibus edition of The Village Organist (the original publication was in shorter instalments called âbooksâ). It is so short that I considered combining it with one of the other three pieces. But none would really fit, although they are all in the same style.
In their preface the editors of the series promise pieces that are âsimple but not uninterestingâ. At first sight the Allegretto pastorale does look simple. However, the recording offered here was preceded by an irritatingly long series of failed attempts, each condemned by at least one annoying imperfection. The rapid chordal progressions, to be played of course as legato as possible, require constant and often awkward finger substitutions. Playing them really cleanly proved hard, especially with the camera turned on. Minor blemishes that in a recital or service would be easily ignored or indeed go unnoticed are a different matter in a recording that you will rerun for critical scrutiny.
And the work can claim to be interesting not least in the sense that with its easy-going manner and characteristic harmonies it is so very representative of a broad stream of English organ music of the period.
Williamson John Reynolds (1861-1922): Prelude in C | Prelude in D
J.J. Binns-Orgel der Old Independent Church, Haverhill, Suffolk (1901) English below! Zwei weitere StĂŒcke von Reynolds aus der Sammlung The Village Organist â siehe zu dieser und zum Komponisten meinen vorigen Upload. Die beiden hier eingespielten StĂŒcke sind respektive abgedruckt in Band 4 und 7. Band 4 erschien noch unter der gemeinsamen Herausgeberschaft von John Stainer und F. Cunningham Woods; das Copyright-Datum verweist auf Erstveröffentlichung der dort versammelten Werke im Jahr 1899 bzw. 1900 (letzteres in dem Teil, in dem sich das C-Dur-PrĂ€ludium findet). Band 7 wurde nach Stainers Tod von Woods allein herausgegeben. Hier findet sich das Copyright-Datum 1905 bzw. 1906. Die Copyright-Angabe steht immer nur unter manchen Werken (mutmaĂlich den jeweils ersten einer neuen Lieferung der ursprĂŒnglichen Veröffentlichung); so unter dem D-Dur-PrĂ€ludium von Reynolds (1906). FĂŒr die tatsĂ€chliche Entstehungszeit ist 1900 (in diesem Jahr wechselte Reynolds aus London an die alte Hauptkirche Birminghams, St Martin-in-the-Bullring) bzw. 1906 natĂŒrlich nur jeweils der Terminus ante quem.
Ich verstehe die beiden StĂŒcke eher meditativ. Das C-Dur-PrĂ€ludium trĂ€gt die Metronom-Angabe Viertel = 132, zugleich aber die Tempobezeichnung Andante: stimmen kann nur eines! Ebenso findet sich im Village Organist stets die Angabe der Spieldauer, die hier mit eineinviertel Minuten zur Metronom-Angabe paĂt und nicht zur Tempobezeichnung. Das D-Dur-PrĂ€ludium hat die Tempobezeichnung Moderato (MM=96) und soll anderthalb Minuten dauern.
Die Metronom-Angabe und die Angabe der Spieldauer sind freilich im Village Organist immer wieder schwer nachzuvollziehen. Dem C-Dur-PrÀludium steht ein langsames Tempo nach meinem Empfinden viel besser als das flotte der Metronom-Angabe. Auch das D-Dur-PrÀludium spiele ich etwas ruhiger als angegeben (das Allegretto pastorale des letzten Upload hingegen schneller).
Two more pieces by Reynolds from The Village Organist. On this collection and on the composer see also my previous upload. The two pieces are found in volumes 4 and 7 respectively. Vol. 4 is among those jointly edited by John Stainer and F. Cunningham Woods; the copyright dates found in this volume indicate that the works assembled there were first published in 1899 and 1900 (the latter applies to the part of the volume containing the C major prelude). Following Stainerâs death vol. 7 was edited by Woods. Here the copyright dates are 1905 and 1906. The copyright is only indicated for some (among them the D major prelude: 1906) â presumably these pieces are the ones that came first in the original, shorter instalments of the collection. Of course the dates 1900 (the year in which Reynolds became the organist of St Martin-in-the-Bullring, the senior parish church of Birmingham) and 1906 only tell us that the pieces existed by that time, not when they were actually composed.
I interpret both pieces as being in a meditative vein. The C major prelude has the metronome marking MM=132 for the crotchets, but the tempo indication is Andante: only one of these can be correct! The Villlage Organist also always give the approximate duration of its pieces. The duration of the C major prelude is stated to be one-and-a-quarter minute, which is consistent with the metronome marking. The D major prelude has MM=96 and the tempo indication Moderato and the duration is given as a minute-and-a-half.
Not infrequently the metronome markings and the durations found in the Village Organist seem somewhat off. The C major prelude to my mind is much better served by a slow tempo than by the fast tempo suggested in the score. The D major prelude, too, I play somewhat slower than suggested (whereas for the Allegretto pastorale of my previous upload I chose a faster tempo).
Ernst Friedrich Richter (1808-79): Wer nur den lieben Gott lĂ€Ăt walten (Holzhey-Orgel Weissenau)
(English below) Orgeltrio op.20 Nr. 2 âWer nur den lieben Gott lĂ€Ăt waltenâ / âIf Thou But Suffer God To Guide Theeâ| Orgel der Abteikirche Weissenau â Ernst Friedrich Richter war Organist verschiedener Leipziger Kirchen und schlieĂlich Thomaskantor und UniversitĂ€ts-Musikdirektor. AuĂerdem lehrte er am Leipziger Konservatorium, wo Edvard Grieg einer seiner SchĂŒler war. In seinen Erinnerungen an die Leipziger Zeit beurteilt Grieg Richter ungnĂ€dig (wie freilich fast alle seine anderen Lehrer auch). In meinen Videobeschreibungen zu den Orgelwerken, die Grieg in Leipzig offenbar ĂŒberwiegend fĂŒr den Unterricht bei Richter geschrieben hat, gehe ich darauf ein (etwa hier und allgemein hier). Grieg suggeriert, daĂ er fĂŒr den Geschmack seiner Leipziger Dozenten zu chromatisch schrieb â in der Tat liebte er die Chromatik ganz offenkundig und stellt sie zur Schau. Die Korrekturen, die Richter in Griegs Leipziger Notenheften anbrachte, zeigen aber nicht, daĂ Richter daran AnstoĂ nahm. Das wĂ€re auch insofern verwunderlich, als Richter sich in dem hier eingespielten StĂŒck selbst einer durchaus unorthodoxen, chromatischen Harmonik bedient â die irgendwie dennoch erstaunlich unplakativ wirkt, darin das Gegenteil der Leipziger Choralbearbeitungen seines SchĂŒlers.
Ernst Friedrich Richter was organist of various Leipzig churches and at last became director of music at the Thomaskirche as well as of the university. He also taught at the Leipzig conservatorium, where Edvard Grieg was among his students. In his reminiscences of his time in Leipzig Grieg speaks unfavourably of Richter (as he does of almost all his other teachers). I discuss this in the video descriptions of my recordings of the organ works that Grieg wrote in Leipzig, mostly it seems for the lessons with Richter (see e.g. here and more generally here). Grieg suggests that his teachers disliked his strong penchant for chromaticism, which in his organ works is indeed very prominent. But Grieg kept the music notebooks from his Leipzig period, and the corrections that Richter made do not show him taking offence at the chromaticism. Indeed that would be surprising, given that in the piece recorded here he makes use of quite unorthodox, chromatic harmonies himself â which somehow, however, come across as much less showy than in the organ chorales of his student.
J.C.H. Rinck (1770-1846): PrĂ€ludium c-moll fĂŒr die volle Orgel_Con gravitĂ (Buchholz-Orgel Kronstadt)
Johann Christian Heinrich Rinck
1770 * Elgersburg (ThĂŒringen)
1790 Organist, Stadtkirche GieĂen
1803 UniversitĂ€ts-Musikdirector, GieĂen
1805 Lehnt Ruf nach Dorpat ab
1806 Organist, Stadtkirche Darmstadt
1813 GroĂherzoglicher Hof-Organist (Organist der SchloĂkirche)
1817 Wirklicher Kammermusicus (Geiger in der Hofkapelle)
1840 Dr. h.c., UniversitĂ€t GieĂen
1846 + Darmstadt
âDer seltenen Mischung von KĂŒnstler und Lehrer gesellte sich in ihm auch ein fester, biederer Charakter bei, und so wurde er einer der beliebtesten und einfluĂreichsten Organisten, die je in Deutschland gelebt haben. Kein Orgelcomponist kann sich rĂŒhmen, eine solche Verbreitung seiner Werke erlebt zu haben, wie R. Seine Compositionen, zahllos fast wie seine SchĂŒler, zeigen zwar keine groĂe selbstĂ€ndige schöpferische Kraft; aber sie entstammen der kunstgeĂŒbten Hand eines tĂŒchtig durchgebildeten Musikers, der sein Augenmerk hauptsĂ€chlich auf die praktische Seite seiner Kunst gerichtet hat. Daher ihre groĂe Beliebtheit. Die meisten unter ihnen sind fĂŒr den Gebrauch beim Gottesdienste bestimmt; andere sollen der Ausbildung im Orgelspiele dienen.â Eusebius Mandyczewski, âRinck, Johann Christian Heinrichâ, in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1889)
âAls Zeitgenosse von Mozart, Beethoven und Schubert war Christian Heinrich Rinck ein fruchtbarer Komponist, der Elemente der barocken Polyphonie, der Klassik und der FrĂŒhromantik in seinem Personalstil vereinte. Unter seinen 129 mit Opuszahlen versehenen Werken ĂŒberwiegen die Orgelwerke. Gerade mit der Orgelmusik und seinen Orgellehrwerken gilt Rinck als herausragende Persönlichkeit der Kirchenmusikgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Rinck war bis weit ĂŒber seinen Tod hinaus weltberĂŒhmt. Sein Ruhm verblasste erst durch die Bachrenaissance der 1920er Jahre, die das 19. Jahrhundert als âdunkelâ und im Vergleich zur barocken Kirchenmusik als minderwertig einstufte. Erst seit ca. zwei Jahrzehnten â im Zuge der WiederbeschĂ€ftigung mit der Kirchenmusik des 19. Jahrhunderts â wird auch das Schaffen von Johann Christian Heinrich Rinck zunehmend wieder höher und seiner einstigen Bedeutung gerecht werdend eingestuft.â (Wikipedia)
Auch dieses StĂŒck habe ich schon einmal aufgenommen, in der FrĂŒhzeit dieses Kanals. Das entsprechende Video zĂ€hlte sogar zu meinen erfolgreicheren â vor allem offenbar deshalb, weil das hier zu hörende StĂŒck in einer beliebten Sammlung zu finden ist (âSonntagsorgel: Leichte Orgelmusik fĂŒr Gottesdienst und Unterrichtâ Bd. 1., hg. von Armin Kircher und Marius Schwemmer). Aber wenn ich mir die alte Aufnahme heute anhöre, erscheint sie mir als Beispiel dafĂŒr, wie man das StĂŒck nicht spielen sollte. So ist das Tempo zu langsam und dabei nicht einmal sauber durchgehalten. Hier eine verbesserte Version.
Mit dem Tempo ist es bei diesem Werk so eine Sache. Die Taktsignatur (âAlle breveâ) steht in einem gewissen Widerspruch zu der Spielanweisung âCon gravitĂ â. In der vorigen Einspielung hatte ich dementsprechend das Alle breve-Zeichen zugunsten eines trauermarschmĂ€Ăig langsamen ZeitmaĂes ignoriert. Umgekehrt könnte man das Alla breve auch wörtlicher nehmen, als ich es in dieser neuen Einspielung tue, und die Viertel tatsĂ€chlich als Achtel spielen. Irgendwie scheint das StĂŒck kein ânatĂŒrlichesâ Tempo zu haben, und klingt eigentlich immer gut, ob man es nun schnell oder langsam spielt.
FĂŒr die neue Aufnahme konnte ich das Digitalisat der Orgel der Schwarzen Kirche (Biserica NeagrÄ) im siebenbĂŒrgischen Kronstadt (rumĂ€nisch BraĆov) verwenden, das es seinerzeit noch nicht gab. Dieses Instrument von 1839 ist eines der wenigen, die sich von dem zu Lebzeiten sehr erfolgreichen Berliner Orgelbauer Carl August Buchholz erhalten haben, und das auch noch völlig unverĂ€ndert. Zugleich ist es wohl das gröĂte, das er gebaut hat. Wer sich die Registrierung â am SchluĂ des Videos zu finden â anschaut, könnte auf den Gedanken kommen, daĂ ich weniger Stimmen gezogen habe, als der Vermerk des Komponisten âfĂŒr die volle Orgelâ nahezulegen scheint (selbst wenn damit natĂŒrlich eine Pleno-Registrierung im barocken Sinne gemeint sein dĂŒrfte und kein âTuttiâ im Sinne der Orgelbauer der Romantik). Das liegt daran, daĂ die KronstĂ€dter Buchholz-Orgel anscheinend ungewöhnlich laut ist. Ich sage das, ohne das Instrument vor Ort erlebt zu haben: aber wenn ich den Principal 8âČ des Hauptwerks zum MaĂstab nehme und auf eine LautstĂ€rke einstelle, die normal erscheint, fĂŒhren dennoch schon relativ sparsame Registrierungen schnell zu einer enormen KlangfĂŒlle.
This piece, too, is one that I have recorded previously, in the early days of this channel. That video has even been one of my more successful ones â mostly, it seems, because the piece heard here is found in a popular anthology (âSonntagsorgel: Easy Organ Music for Church Services and Teachingâ vol. 1, eds. Armin Kircher and Marius Schwemmer). But that earlier recording today sounds to me like a lesson in how not play this piece. Thus the tempo is too slow and not even maintained steadily. So here is a better version.
Now the tempo question is a difficult one for this piece. The time signature (âalla breveâ) somehow rather contradicts the instruction to play âcon gravitĂ â. In the earlier recording I had therefore simply ignored the alla breve sign in favour of a tempo suitable for a funeral march. Conversely you could take the alla breve sign more literally than I do in this recording and really play the crotchets as quavers. The piece really does not seem to have a ânaturalâ tempo: it will sound good almost no matter how fast or how slowly you play it.
For this new recording I was able to use the sample set of the Black Church (Biserica NeagrÄ) in BraĆov in Rumania (formerly a town with a large German-speaking population to whom it was known as Kronstadt). This instrument of 1839 is one of the few surviving ones by the Berlin organ builder Carl August Buchholz, who in his lifetime was very successful. Indeed it is probably the largest instrument he built â and it has remained unaltered. If you look at the registration â given at the end of the video â you may find it rather sparse for a piece to be played on Full Organ (even if this no doubt means a pleno organo registration in the Baroque sense rather than the âTuttiâ of the Romantic period). But it would appear that the BraĆov organ is ununusually loud. I say that without having heard it on site: but if I take the Principal 8âČ on the Great as my yardstick and adjust its volume to what would seem normal, then even drawing relatively few stops quickly results in enormous masses of sound.
Johannes Ringk (1717-1778): Praeludium & Fuga pedaliter in C (Velesovo)
(English below) Johannes Ringk ist der Musikwissenschaft bekannt als Kopist der Ă€ltesten Abschrift des OrgelstĂŒcks mit dem weltweit höchsten Wiedererkennungwert, Toccata und Fuge d-moll BWV 565. Die Staatsbibliothek Berlin bewahrt von seiner Hand auĂerdem weitere Abschriften von Werken Johann Sebastian Bachs wie auch etwa Gottfried Heinrich Stölzels oder Georg Philipp Telemanns.
In Ringks Geburtsort, dem Dorf Frankenhain im damaligen Herzogtum Sachsen-Gotha, wurde 1725 im Alter von 20 Jahren ein gewisser Johann Peter Kellner Kantor (und damit auch Schullehrer). Kellner berichtet in seiner Lebensbeschreibung, wie er zur Erlangung der Stelle vorspielte, nĂ€mlich offenbar Johann Georg von Witzleben (1677-1743), dem das Kirchenpatronat zustand. (âEin gewisser von Adel, auf dem die Sache beruhete, verlangte mich zu hören,â schreibt er. M. Blindow, in seinem Aufsatz âZur Diskussion ĂŒber die d-Moll-Toccata BWV 565â, Acta Organologica Bd. 36, 2019, dem viele hier verwendete Informationen entnommen sind, identifiziert den Kirchherrn als Joh. Georgs Sohn Albrecht Ernst Heinrich â der wurde aber erst 1717 geboren.) Die Orgel in Frankenhain, 1720 von dem Gothaer Hoforgelmacher Thielemann geliefert, hatte nur ein Manual und kein Pedal; andererseits war sie wie die 1719 errichtete Kirche neu. Die Initiative fĂŒr Kirche wie Orgel (und ein Teil der Kosten) dĂŒrften auf das Konto derer von Witzleben gegangen sein, SchloĂherrn im nahen Elgersburg. Elgersburg wieder kennt der Liebhaber der Orgelmusik als Geburtsort des berĂŒhmten DarmstĂ€dter Organisten Christian Heinrich Rinck (https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJQG183QhFpDDOtrUkEH6AiZtH4YjyHvn), dessen 250. Geburtstag 2020 begangen wird. Die NamensĂ€hnlichkeit ist kaum zufĂ€llig: bei der wechselnd Rink, Ringk, Rinck geschriebenen Sippe haben wir es mit einer thĂŒringischen Lehrer- und damit damals automatisch Organistenfamilie zu tun. Der GroĂvater von C.H. Rinck stammte aus Frankenhain, eine Verwandtschaft mit Johannes Ringk kann als sicher gelten.
1727 wurde Kellner Lehrer und Kantor in GrĂ€fenroda, dem gröĂeren Nachbardorf von Frankenhain, wo er auch herstammte. Als Musiker damals weithin angesehen, ist er heute wegen der Abschriften von Werken J.S. Bachs bekannt, die er und seine SchĂŒler anfertigten. Da die Schule in Frankenhain nur AnfangsgrĂŒnde vermittelte und die Ă€lteren SchĂŒler den Schulbesuch in GrĂ€fenroda fortsetzten, wird Johannes Ringk in den Jahren 1730-34 dort bei Kellner gelernt haben, und zwar nicht zuletzt auch als Musiker. Gut möglich, daĂ Ringk die Kopien von BWV 565 und anderer Werke Bachs in GrĂ€fenroda erstellt hat. Seine Abschrift der Kantate BWV 202 jedenfalls hat er nicht nur mit seinem Namen, sondern ausnahmsweise auch einem Datum (âAnno 1730â) versehen â am 26. Juni geboren, war er also gerade einmal dreizehn oder vielleicht erst zwölf Jahre alt (https://www.bach-digital.de/rsc/viewer/BachDigitalSource_derivate_00076516/Peters_Ms_R_8_0001.jpg).
Wohl 1734 ging er zur Fortsetzung seiner Ausbildung in die Residenzstadt Gotha, wo Stölzel Kapellmeister war, und etwa 1740 nach Berlin. Was Ringk dort in den nĂ€chsten anderthalb Jahrzehnten genau anstellte, ist unklar â auĂer daĂ er als Noten-Kopist arbeitete. Als 1754 der Organist der Marienkirche, Johann Gottlieb Wiedeburg, starb, richtete Ringk am 16. Dezember ein Bewerbungsschreiben an den Berliner Magistrat, der fĂŒr die Besetzung der Stelle zustĂ€ndig war: âDa nunmehro die Organisten Stelle bey der Marien Kirche vacant geworden, mir hingegen vor 14 Jahren eben dieselbe Bestallung in der Nicolai Kirche von Ew. Hochwohlgeboren, zu erkand war, derselbe [sic] aber nach diesen besetzt geblieben ist. Derowegen zweifle [ich] nicht, Ew. Hochwohlgeboren werden mir diese jetzige Stelle mit unterthĂ€nigster Bitte vor andern conferiren.â War Ringk nach Berlin gekommen, weil man ihm Hoffnung auf die Organistenstelle an St. Nikolai gemacht, oder die Anwartschaft darauf zugesagt hatte? Jedenfalls bekam er nun die Stelle an St. Marien, die er zu Johannis (24.6.) 1755 antrat. Sein Jahresgehalt betrug etwas ĂŒber 100 Reichstaler, was fĂŒr die Zeit normal, aber kaum fĂŒrstlich zu nennen ist, dazu kamen Deputate in Naturalien, nĂ€mlich Getreide (Roggen und Gerste) und Kerzenwachs.
Doch hatte er noch andere Einnahmen, so nachweislich weiterhin als Kopist. Offenbar hatte er Zugang zum Notenmaterial der Hofoper, und erweist sich, wie Christoph Henzel (Berliner Klassik. Studien zur GraunĂŒberlieferung im 18, Jahrhundert, 2008) zeigt, als einer der wichtigsten Abschreiber der Opern des Hofkomponisten Carl Heinrich Graun. Derlei Kopien waren offenbar bei privaten Sammlern gesucht. Blindow zitiert das bei Henzel wiedergegebene Faksimile einer Rechnung vom August 1752, wonach fĂŒr zwei Kopien der Partitur der Oper âBritannicusâ 32 Reichstaler fĂ€llig waren. Blindow schreibt die Rechnung Ringk zu und die Oper dem Wiener Choreographen Hilverding â tatsĂ€chlich war der Kopist hier F.G. Siebe und bei der Oper handelt es sich offensichtlich um den âBritannicoâ von Graun, der auf demselben Blatt die Richtigkeit der Abschriften bestĂ€tigt. Interessant ist der Preis: 32 Reichstaler war ein guter Verdienst, und auch Ringk stellte derlei hĂ€ufig her. Es sind bis auf zwei von allen der zahlreichen in Berlin aufgefĂŒhrten Graun-Opern Abschriften von seiner Hand bekannt. Aus dem Besitz des jungen Otto von VoĂ (spĂ€ter Dompropst zu Havelberg, preuĂischer Minister, Erbauer der SchloĂkirche Buch bei Berlin) aus den 1760er Jahren finden sich ĂŒberdies KlavierauszĂŒge, die Ringk von Graun-Opern oder Nummern daraus anfertigte â auch dies offenbar Bestandteil der GeschĂ€ftstĂ€tigkeit des Marienorganisten. Von VoĂ war dessen SchĂŒler, wenngleich kein OrgelschĂŒler, die es aber auch gab. Am Ende seines Lebens krank, lieĂ Ringk sich an St. Marien die letzten zwei Jahre durch einen von ihnen, A.J.F. Kennler, vertreten; dieser wurde 1779 Organist der Neuen Kirche (auf dem Gendarmenmarkt, besser bekannt als âDeutscher Domâ). (Fortsetzung s. Kommentare)
Jedenfalls konnte er sich ein Haus leisten. Zum Datum 24.8.1778 heiĂt es im Totenbuch der Gemeinde ĂŒber ihn: ââŠstarb ⊠alt 61 Jahre, an einer EntkrĂ€ftung den 24ten morgens um 9 Uhr, hinterlĂ€sst die Witwe und 3 minorenne Kinder, ist gestorben vorn Königsthore [auf dem GelĂ€nde des heutigen Alexanderplatzes] in seinem eignen Hause.â Dieses hatte er sich offenbar Ende der 1760er Jahre bauen lassen (Vossische Zeitung vom 8.2.1770, Beilage: âIn deĂ Organist Ringk seinem neu erbauten, vor dem Königsthore, an der ehemaligen Contrescarpe, belegenen Hauseâ, zit. C. Sachs, Musikgeschichte der Stadt Berlin bis zum Jahre 1800, 1908, S. 170).
An eigenen Werken sind von Ringk nur das hier zu hörende und ein Choralvorspiel bekannt, beide als Autographen in der Berliner Staatsbibliothek. Wann mag das aufgenommene Werk entstanden sein? Die Abschrift von BWV 565 (https://www.bach-digital.de/rsc/viewer/BachDigitalSource_derivate_00070838/00000063.jpg) wird â plausibel, obschon nicht beweisbar â auf die 1730er Jahre datiert. Die Titelseite, auf der Ringk sich als Schreiber identifiziert, aber kein Datum vermerkt, ist der im Video gezeigten Titelseite der Abschrift seines eigenen Werkes sehr Ă€hnlich (und der Titelseite der Abschrift von BWV 202 von 1730 nicht unĂ€hnlich). Der Notentext sieht zwar im Fall von BWV 565 etwas anders aus â ordentlicher und ĂŒbersichtlicher. Trotzdem ist zu vermuten, daĂ die beiden Abschriften zeitlich nicht allzu weit auseinander liegen und wir es also eher mit einem Jugendwerk zu tun haben.
BerĂŒhmt war Ringk als Improvisator vor allem von Fugen. So schreibt Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg (https://youtu.be/=6jk7wLmHnyM): âAn die Stelle des allhier zu Berlin verstorbnen Organisten zu St. Marien ⊠ist unlĂ€ngst Herr Johann Ringk, aus Frankenhayn im ThĂŒringischen gebĂŒrtig, ein SchĂŒler des Herrn Cantors Kellner in GrĂ€fenrode [diese Schreibung damals ĂŒblich], und des seel. Herrn Capellmeisters Stölzel, ernennet worden. Wer einen tĂŒchtigen Organisten ⊠nach einer regelmĂ€Ăigen und ordentlichen und schön ausgefĂŒhrten Fuge zu beurtheilen, im Stande ist, wird bey Anhörung dieses wackern und geschickten Mannes, allezeit seine vollkommene Rechnung finden.â DaĂ Ringk aus dem Flecken Frankenhain stammte, konnte Marpurg wohl nur von Ringk selber wissen. Gleiches gilt fĂŒr die Mitteilung, Ringk sei SchĂŒler Kellners und Stölzels gewesen, die sonst anscheinend nicht, wohl aber hierdurch belegt ist.
Der Passus steht im ersten Band von Marpurgs Historisch-kritischen BeytrĂ€gen (S. 477), der laut Titelseite 1754 erschien. Trifft dies zu, hĂ€tte Ringks Bestallung bereits bei Drucklegung festgestanden, obschon sein zitiertes Bewerbungsschreiben erst von Mitte Dezember 1754 stammt (so jedenfalls die Datierung bei Blindow, nach F.-W. Donat, Christian Heinrich Rinck und die Orgelmusik seiner Zeit, 1931, S. 27; das ist plausibel, denn Wiedeburg starb den Kirchenakten zufolge âkurz vor Martiniâ, d.h. kurz vor dem 11. November). TatsĂ€chlich klingt Ringks Schreiben danach, als ob eine Zusage informell bereits erfolgt war. Blindow Ă€uĂert sich dazu nicht, zitiert aber auch das Protokoll des Probespiels am 6. Januar und nennt es âetwas pauschalâ â was man ebenfalls dahingehend deuten könnte, daĂ es sich um eine FormalitĂ€t handelte.
DaĂ Ringk improvisierte, steht bei Marpurg nicht, ist aber anderweitig bezeugt, so bei Charles Burney, der 1772 Berlin besuchte: âIn der Marienkirche ist eine feine Orgel von Wagner. Herr Ringk, der Organist, wird als ein extempore Fugenspieler sehr hochgeschĂ€tzt, ob er gleich keine so brillante Fertigkeit der Finger besitzt, als der Organist zu St. Peterâ (Ăbers. Ebeling 1773). Letzterer, Karl-Volkmar Bertuch, fĂŒhrte Burney die Orgel der Petrikirche vor und beeindruckte ihn offenbar sehr (âder beste Organist in Berlinâ): âNachdem er ein sehr meisterhaftes Vorspiel aus dem Stegreife gespielt hatte, fĂŒhrte er eine sehr gelehrte und schwere Fuge aus, vom alten Bach, die er ausdrĂŒcklich fĂŒr die Orgel mit dem Pedal gesetzt hat.â
Orgelwerke J.S. Bachs spielten die Berliner Organisten der Zeit offenbar mit Vorliebe â auch Ringk. So schrieb anlĂ€Ălich der AuffĂŒhrung von Bachs MatthĂ€uspassion im MĂ€rz 1829 durch die Berliner Sing-Akademie deren BegrĂŒnder Carl Friedrich Zelter (1758-1832) an Goethe: ââŠich bin seit 50 Jahren gewohnt, den Bachschen Genius zu verehren ⊠Ring[k], Bertuch, Schmalz [Leopold Christian, Organist der Garnisonkirche bis 1772, oder sein Sohn und Nachfolger Johann Daniel] und Andere lieĂen fast nichts anderes hören als des alten Bachs StĂŒcke.â (In seiner Autobiographie schildert Zelter, wie er als â damals noch im Maurergewerbe tĂ€tiger â junger Mann im Hause seines GroĂonkels, des Kupferstechers Georg Friedrich Schmidt verkehrte. âHier lernte ich den sehr geschickten und fleiĂigen Organisten Ringk kennen, der mich lieb gewann wegen meiner Lust zur Musik, und ich wĂŒĂte ihm manchen Fingerzeig zu verdanken.â)
Nachfolger Ringks als Marienorganist wurde der Kirnberger-SchĂŒler Johann Samuel Harsow (https://youtu.be/MojWjBycvcE). Kirnberger (https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJQG183QhFpCXejZC8yIwWdIvDmqy5Cfe) und Ringk mĂŒssen sich in Berlin gekannt haben, wenn nicht schon aus GrĂ€fenroda, wo Kirnberger einige Zeit bei Kellner studierte, ehe er 1739 nach Leipzig ging. Damals war Ringk sicher schon in Gotha, mag aber Kontakt zu Kellner gehalten haben, wie umgekehrt Kirnberger wohl gelegentlich die Residenzstadt besuchte. Kirnberger wie seine Gönnerin Anna Amalia von PreuĂen waren Verehrer J.S. Bachs und sammelten Abschriften von dessen Werken (dieser Bestand heute Teil der von Anna Amalia hinterlassenen sogenannten Amalien-Bibliothek in der Berliner Staatsbibliothek). So muĂ Kirnberger an Ringks Notenhandschriften interessiert gewesen sein; in die Staatsbibliothek sind sie allerdings, anders als Blindow meint, offenbar nicht als Teil der Amalien-Bibliothek gelangt.
Das eingespielte StĂŒck und das Choralvorspiel wurden 2002 von Christoph Albrecht ediert (Butz Musikverlag). Ersteres ist in einer Edition von Auke Jongbloed auch im Internet verfĂŒgbar. Ringk hat auf zwei Systemen geschrieben, dabei die PedaleinsĂ€tze aber stets gekennzeichnet, so daĂ hier keinerlei Unklarheit besteht.
Die zu hörende Orgel von TomaĆŸ MoÄnik wurde 2007 als Stilkopie nach thĂŒringischen Vorbildern des 18. Jahrhunderts erbaut. Sie verkörpert ein Klangideal, das dem des Erbauers der Orgel der Berliner Marienkirche, des Silbermann-SchĂŒlers Joachim Wagner, nahe steht und wie es in dessen weitgehend unverĂ€ndert erhaltenen groĂen Instrumenten (Brandenburg, Dom; Treuenbrietzen, Marienkirche; Wusterhausen, St. Peter & Paul; AngermĂŒnde, Marienkirche; nach der Restaurierung durch JĂŒrgen Ahrend wohl auch wieder Trondheim, Dom) erlebbar ist. Die Berliner Marienorgel wurde insbesondere im 20. Jahrhundert diversen eingreifenden Umbauten unterzogen. Trotzdem hat sich im Pfeifenwerk viel Originalsubstanz erhalten, darunter dem Augenschein nach die groĂen Prospektpfeifen, die offenbar nicht der 1917 deutschlandweit verfĂŒgten Ablieferung zum Opfer fielen. 1999 erhielt die Firma Kern in StraĂburg den Auftrag zu einem 2002 abgeschlossenen technischen Neubau. Unter Verwendung der barocken Originalsubstanz wurde die Disposition von 1722 retabliert, die Zahl der Register jedoch um fĂŒnf auf 40 erhöht. Alle Register sind in Wagnerâscher Bauart erstellt, ebenso Spiel- und Balganlage. Dennoch ist es mir persönlich noch nicht gelungen, mit dem heutigen Klang der Orgel recht warm zu werden, den ich als zu glatt empfinde â im Gegensatz zu dem der âechtenâ Wagner-Orgel im Brandenburger Dom, der mir durch Mark und Bein geht. Auch scheint letzteres Instrument im Raum deutlich prĂ€senter als die Marienorgel, obwohl es kleiner ist und der Raum gröĂer.
English version of the video description
Johannes Ringk is known to musicologists as the copyist of the earliest extant manuscript of the most recognisable organ piece worldwide, Toccata and Fugue BWV 565. The Staatsbibliothek Berlin also preserves copies in his hand of other works by J.S. Bach as well as by Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel or Georg Philipp Telemann, among others.
In Ringkâs birthplace, the village of Frankenhain in what was then the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha, in 1725 a new cantor (here meaning director of music, organist and schoolmaster all in one) arrived, a certain Johann Peter Kellner, then aged 20. In his autobiography Kellner describes how in order to obtain the post he had to play for âa certain noblemanâ in whose gift the living was. M. Blindow (in his essay âZur Diskussion ĂŒber die d-Moll-Toccata BWV 565â, Acta Organologica vol. 36, 2019, to which I owe much of the information presented here) identifies the nobleman in question as Albrecht Ernst Heinrich von Witzleben â who, however, was only born in 1717. It must have been Albrechtâs father Johann Georg von Witzleben (1677-1743). The organ at Frankenhain, supplied in 1720 by the organ builder to the Gotha court, J. C. Thielemann, had a single manual and no pedals; on the other hand, like the church itself, built in 1719, it was new. The initiative for both, as well as part of the funds for them, presumably came from the squire. The von Witzleben family owned the castle in nearby Elgersburg, which lovers of organ music may recognise as the birthplace of the famous organist Christian Heinrich Rinck (https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJQG183QhFpDDOtrUkEH6AiZtH4YjyHvn), whose 250th anniversary is celebrated in 2020. Ringk or Rinck are variant spellings of the name of a local family of teachers (and, virtually automatically at that time, organists), and it may be considered certain that Johannes and Christian Heinrich were in fact related â indeed the latterâs grandfather came from Frankenhain.
In 1727 Kellner became cantor in GrĂ€fenroda, the next village to Frankenhain and a somewhat larger place; it was also his birthplace. Widely admired as a musician in his lifetime, Kellner is best known today for the many copies of works by J.S. Bach that he and his pupils produced. The school at Frankenhain only taught the youngest pupils; the older ones went on to GrĂ€fenroda. It is likely therefore that Johannes Ringk attended school at GrĂ€fenroda from 1730 to 1734 while also studying music with Kellner. It is somewhat likely that Ringk produced the copies of BWV 565 and other works by Bach in GrĂ€fenroda. Indeed, his manuscript of the cantata BWV 202 not only bears his name on the title page, but, exceptionally, also a date (âAnno 1730â)(https://www.bach-digital.de/rsc/viewer/BachDigitalSource_derivate_00076516/Peters_Ms_R_8_0001.jpg). As his birthday was on 26 June he was all of thirteen or perhaps even only twelve years old.
After spending some years in Gotha, where Stölzel was kapellmeister (i.e. in charge of music at the ducal court), in about 1740 Ringk moved to Berlin. What exactly he did there for the next decade-and-a-half is not clear â except that he worked as a musical copyist. When, in 1754, the organist of St Maryâs church, Johann Gottlieb Wiedeburg, died, Ringk on 16 December wrote to the city council, which was responsible for filling the post. âWhereas the organistship at St Maryâs Church is now vacant, and whereas, 14 years ago, Your Excellencies awarded me the very same position at St Nicholasâ Church, with the latter however remaining filled ever since, I have no doubt that Your Excellencies will confer this present post to me in preference to others, which I humbly beseech you to do.â Did Ringk come to Berlin because he had been promised the organistship at the Nicolaikirche, or the expectancy to it? At any rate he did now get the post at St Maryâs, which he took up on St Johnâs Day (24 June) 1755. His annual salary was a little over 100 reichstaler â normal for the time, though hardly opulent; in addition he was entitled to some payment in kind (specified amounts of rye, barley and candle wax).
He also had other sources of revenue, continuing, for example, to work as a copyist. Ringk evidently had access to the music library of the royal opera, and as Christoph Henzel (Berliner Klassik. Studien zur GraunĂŒberlieferung im 18, Jahrhundert, 2008) has shown he was one of the most important producers of manuscript copies of the operas of court composer Carl Heinrich Graun. There was considerable demand for such copies from private collectors. Blindow quotes an invoice of August 1752 (given as a facsimile by Henzel) according to which two copies, in score, of the opera âBritannicusâ cost 32 reichstalers. Blindow attributes the invoice to Ringk and the opera to the Viennese choreographer Hilverding â in fact the scribe here was F.G. Siebe and the opera is evidently âBritannicoâ by Graun, who on the same piece of paper attests the correctness of the copies. What is interesting is the price: 32 reichstalers was quite a lot of money, and Ringk did also make such copies frequently. Copies in his hand are known of all but two of the numerous operas by Graun performed in Berlin. The young Otto von Voss (later dean of Havelberg Cathedral and a functionary of the Prussian government) owned keyboard reductions by Ringk dating from the 1760s of entire operas by Graun or individual items from them, indicating that such reductions were also part of what the organist of St Maryâs was offering. Von Voss was one of his pupils, though not on the organ. Organ pupils also existed. When at the end of his life Ringk was too ill to play, for two years he delegated his duties at St Maryâs to one of them, A.J.F. Kennler (who in 1779 became organist at another parish church in Berlin).
In August 1778 the parish records note his death âaged 61 years, from an exhaustion, on the 24th at nine in the morning;â the entry goes on to mention that he left behind a widow and three underage children, and that he died in his own house outside the Königstor (Kingâs Gate, situated in the area of the present-day Alexanderplatz). The Vossische Zeitung (a newspaper) on 8 February 1770 mentions the âhouse of the organist, Ringk, newly built by him by the former counterscarp outside the Kingâs Gateâ â so he must have built that house in the late 1760s, indicating that by then at least he was not exactly poor.
The only known compositions by Ringk are the one featured in the video and a chorale prelude, both preserved as autographs in the Berlin Staatsbibliothek. When might the work recorded here have been written? Musicologists date the copy of BWV 565, plausibly though not provably, to the 1730s. The title page (https://www.bach-digital.de/rsc/viewer/BachDigitalSource_derivate_00070838/00000063.jpg), on which Ringk identifies himself as the scribe but does not give a date, looks rather similar to the title page, shown in the video, of his own piece (and not dissimilar to the copy of BWV 202 of 1730). The actual score of BWV 565 looks a bit different from that of his own work â more orderly, tidier. Nevertheless it seems likely that the two manuscripts date roughly from the same period and that therefore the work heard here was probably written by Ringk at a youthful age.
Ringk was famous as an improviser above all of fugues. Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg (https://youtu.be/=6jk7wLmHnyM) writes about him: âIn place of the late organist of St Maryâs Church here in Berlin ⊠Herr Johann Ringk has recently been appointed, a native of Frankenhain in Thuringia and a pupil of Herr Cantor Kellner in GrĂ€fenroda and the late Herr Capellmeister Stölzel. Those capable of judging a competent organist ⊠by a fugue turned out in regular, orderly and beautiful fashion will always find satisfaction in listening to this upright and skilful man.â That Ringk came from the hamlet of Frankenhain is something that Marpurg could only have learned from Ringk himself. The same is true of the information that Ringk studied with Kellner and Stölzel, which apparently we would not otherwise know for certain.
The passage is found in the first volume of Marpurgâs Historico-Critical Contributions (p.477), which according to its title page was published in 1754. If that is correct Ringk had already been given the post when the book went to press, even though his application to the city council, quoted above, was only written in mid-December (at least according to Blindow, who quotes it from F.-W. Donat, Christian Heinrich Rinck und die Orgelmusik seiner Zeit, 1931, p.27; but this is plausible, since according to the parish records Wiedeburg died âjust before Martinmasâ, i.e. just before 11 November). Indeed Ringkâs application sounds a little as if he was merely going through the motions. Blindow (without commenting on that aspect) also quotes the minutes of Ringkâs examination on 6 January, which he finds rather generic â perhaps also suggesting that it was a formality.
Marpurg does not specify that Ringk improvised, but others do. Thus Charles Burney, who stayed in Berlin in 1772, reports: âIn the church of St. Mary, there is a fine organ, built by Wagner; M. Ringk, the organist, is much esteemed as a performer of extempore fugues, though he is possessed of less brilliancy of finger than the organist of St. Peter.â The latter, Karl-Volkmar Bertuch, gave Burney a demonstration of the organ in the Petrikirche, and left his visitor much impressed (âthe best organist in Berlinâ): âAfter playing extempore, a very masterly introduction, he executed a most learned and difficult double fugue, composed by old Bach, expressly for the use of organs with pedalsâ(The Present State of Music in Germany etc., vol. 2, 1775 ed., p.206-07).
Playing âold Bachâ seems to have been a favourite pastime of 18th-c. Berlin organists â including Ringk. Carl Friedrich Zelter (1758-1832), founder of the famous Berlin choral society Sing-Akademie, wrote to Goethe on the occasion of a performance of the St Matthewâs Passion by the society in March 1829 that âI have been accustomed to venerating Bachâs genius for 50 years⊠Ring[k], Bertuch, Schmalz [Leopold Christian, organist of the Garnisonkirche until 1772, or his son and successor Johann Daniel] and others almost never played anything other than pieces by old Bach.â (In his autobiography Zelter tells how as a young man â still a bricklayer by trade at that time â he was a frequent visitor at the house of his great-uncle, the engraver Georg Friedrich Schmidt. âHere I met that most skilful and industrious organist, Ringk, who took a liking to me because of my zeal for music, and to whom I owe many a useful hint.â
Ringk was succeeded as organist of St Maryâs by Johann Samuel Harsow (https://youtu.be/MojWjBycvcE), a pupil of Kirnberger (https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJQG183QhFpCXejZC8yIwWdIvDmqy5Cfe). Kirnberger and Ringk must have known each other in Berlin, if they had not already met at GrĂ€fenroda â where Kirnberger spent some time studying with Kellner before moving on to Leipzig in 1739. Ringk would have lived in Gotha by then, but may well still have visited Kellner (or Kirnberger may have visited Gotha). Kirnberger and his patron Princess Anna Amalia of Prussia worshipped J.S. Bach and collected his works (that collection became part of the so-called Amalien-Bibliothek now held by the Berlin Staatsbibliothek). No doubt Kirnberger must have been interested in the Bach scores owned by Ringk â though contrary to what Blindow claims these clearly did not pass to the Staatsbibliothek as part of the Amalien-Bibliothek.
The work recorded here and the chorale prelude were edited by Christoph Albrecht in 2002 (Butz Musikverlag). The former is also available online in an edition by Auke Jongbloed. Ringk wrote on two staves but clearly marked the passages to be played on pedals.
The organ heard in the recording was built in 2007 by TomaĆŸ MoÄnik in imitation of 18th-c. Thuringian exemplars. It embodies a tonal ideal close to that of the builder of the organ in St Maryâs Church in Berlin, Joachim Wagner, who had been trained by Silbermann. This tonal ideal is still found in the extant larger instruments by Wagner (Brandenburg cathedral; St Maryâs, Treuenbrietzen; Sts. Peter & Paul, Wusterhausen; St Maryâs, AngermĂŒnde; following its restauration by JĂŒrgen Ahrend perhaps also once again Trondheim cathedral). The organ of the Berlin Marienkirche has undergone quite substantial rebuilds especially in the 20th c. Still much of the original pipework has survived, including, by the look of them, the large front pipes that evidently escaped the confiscation of such pipes throughout Germany decreed in 1917. In 1999 Kern of Strasbourg was awarded the contract for restoring the organ to a condition close to that of 1722. This involved reestablishing the original specification using the original pipework or pipework copied from other instruments by Wagner; to the 35 stops present in 1722 five additional Wagner-style stops have been added. The entire (new) mechanism is also âWagnerianâ. Nevertheless personally I have yet to be convinced by the present sound of this organ â perfectly nice, but hardly exciting; whereas the ârealâ Wagner organ in Brandenburg cathedral makes my spine tingle. That organ also seems to have a much greater spatial presence, even though the instrument is smaller than that in St Maryâs and the church in which it stands, larger.
Benjamin Rogers (1614-98): Voluntary in D Minor | Voluntary in C Major
I could have called this video âBenjamin Rogers: Complete Organ Worksâ since the two recorded here are all we have â one manuscript at the Royal College of Music and another at the British Museum. Little as this may be the material does give an idea of how Rogers might have sounded when playing the organ in Magdalen College chapel in Oxford, the place where he spent the longest part of his professional life.
He also wrote other music. His best-known piece is a setting of the so-called Hymnus eucharisticus (Te Deum patrem colimus), performed every May Morning (that is, the morning of 1 May) at 6am by the choir of Magdalen College singing from the college tower, with a huge crowd gathered in the High Street below. We know that consort music by Rogers was performed in the Netherlands and at the imperial court in Vienna.
The organ by Robert Dallam that Rogers played in Magdalen College chapel was a rare survival from pre-Civil War days and the destruction of almost every organ in England by the triumphant Puritans.
Denied a market by the English Puritans, Dallam emigrated to France, where a number of his instruments are extant. Of these the organ at Lanvellec in Brittany that he built in 1653 is preserved practically unaltered. Its specification, however, is totally unlike his earlier English instruments, characterised as these were by much doubling of stops and an absence of mutations, mixtures and reeds (quints were the only mutations in these earlier English instruments, and the Magdalen organ lacked even those). By contrast, the Lanvellec organ features on its single manual a nazard, a tierce, a cornet, two mixtures, and three reeds; no stops are doubled. Dallam had adapted to French taste. The Lanvellec organ can therefore tell us little about how his earlier instruments might have sounded.
When Dallam returned to Oxford after the 1660 Restoration he brought French influence with him â later personified by his grandson, the great Renatus Harris. At first the new fashion had a mixed reception. In 1662 Dallam proposed a two-manual organ for the chapel of New College, Oxford; its 24 stops to comprise two mixtures, two reeds, and a nazard. The college then enquired of him whether a trumpet and a cornet might not also be added â expressly referring to what was going on in other churches. In the end, the organ actually built had only 15 stops and was probably rather conservative.
Yet the new style went on to prevail. In 1681 Renatus Harris proposed to rebuild his grandfatherâs organ at Magdalen. (On that occasion he recorded its specification, which is how we know.) The college hung on to the instrument, marked by what Stephen Bicknell calls âcraftsmanship of the richest possible qualityâ (History of the English Organ p.82) yet, with its very limited tonal palette, very much an antique. A new instrument at last arrived in 1738. The old one (removed already in 1730) was sold, the great organ ending up in Tewkesbury Abbey and the chaire organ in the village church of Stanford-on-Avon. What remains â of the great organ, apart from the case, the front pipes and some interior pipes (much revoiced); of the chaire organ, the case, the front pipes, and the soundboard â has led to some tentative conclusions (Bicknell p.83). Yet how this organ sounded exactly we can never know.
In recording the two pieces in this video I tried to imagine what stops Rogers might have chosen for them on the Dallam organ. The 1673 Mundt organ of the TĂœn Church in Prague offers analogues of the stops present at Magdalen â though no doubling. (The doubling of most stops on both the great organ and the chaire organ at Magdalen is the more puzzling as the instrument was not placed on a screen. It was built into the north wall of the chancel and had only a single front. We do know from what remains of the Dallam pipework at Tewkesbury that the two diapasons of the great were scaled differently. Similarly, the 1662 proposal that Dallam submitted to New College has, on each manual, a âprincipalâ and a âsmall principalâ).
The compass of the Dallam organ probably was C-dââ (though C# may have been missing, as at Lanvellec). The TĂœn organ has a short bottom octave in all divisions, meaning that it lacks C#, D#, F#, and G#. The latter two are required in the C major voluntary, so I used the âextendedâ version of the TĂœn sample set, where the missing notes of the bass octave are supplied through interpolation. Also, the Prague organ was retuned to equal temperament in the 19th century. For the recording, I changed the temperament of the sample set to quarter comma meantone, which is likely what Dallam would have used, or close to it.
[Comment] This video gives an impression of May Morning in Oxford, with the Rogers anthem surprisingly audible. The scene on the tower itself is the subject of a rather theatrical painting by the famous Victorian, William Holman Hunt.
Speaking of the Dallam organ Stephen Bicknell surmises âa gentle sound, warm but possibly quite sibilant, on a wind pressure of between 50mm and 60mm ⊠an overall impression of rich, restrained tone rather than power or brilliance.â History of the English organ p.83.
Johann Caspar RĂŒttinger (1761-1830): Jesus meine Zuversicht (Velesovo)
(English below) J.C. RĂŒttinger war Sohn eines â als âChoradjuvantâ, d.h. Leiter des Kirchenchores auch musikalisch engagierten â Glasermeisters in dem Flecken Streufdorf. Er erhielt Musikunterricht beim Kantor in Streufdorf (dem Vater seiner Mutter), im nahen Hildburghausen (H.), schlieĂlich bei Joh. Ernst Rembt, dem Organisten der Stadtkirche Suhl. Letzteren gewann R. als Lehrer, indem er ihm einige selbstkomponierte Orgeltrios zusandte, die Rembt beeindruckten. R. trat als zweiter Geiger in die Hofkapelle in H. ein, lieĂ sich aber beurlauben, um weiteren Unterricht bei dem Organisten der Predigerkirche Erfurt, Joh. Christian Kittel, zu nehmen, und war in H. lange Jahre auch als Organist der Apostelkirche tĂ€tig.
Hauptquelle dieser Angaben ist der Eintrag zu R. in F.J.A. Mucks 1823 in Erlangen erschienenen Biographischen Notizen ĂŒber die Componisten der Choralmelodien im Baierischen neuen Choral-Buche. Muck verfĂŒgte ĂŒber offenbar umfangreiche Informationen vielleicht aus erster Hand, weiĂ aber auĂer R.s Geburtstag keine genauen Daten. Er erwĂ€hnt, R. habe âin jĂŒngeren Jahrenâ auf einer Reise durch âdas nördliche Deutschlandâ (als Stationen fĂŒhrt Muck neben Hamburg und Bremen auch etwa Leipzig, Fulda und Frankfurt am Main auf!) groĂen Eindruck als Konzertorganist gemacht. Ingward Ullrich: HildburghĂ€user Musiker (2003) ist wenig ergiebig, teilt aber mit, daĂ, als Joh. Peter Heuschkel 1818 die Stelle des Hoforganisten in H. rĂ€umte, F. Dotzauer seinem Lehrer R., selbst damals bereits Ă€lter als Heuschkel, vorgezogen wurde; die Organistenstelle an der Apostelkirche bekleidete R. Ullrich zufolge seit 1797. Bereits seit seiner Eröffnung 1795 unterrichtete R. am Lehrerseminar in H. Klavier, Orgel, Violine und GeneralbaĂ.
Das hier wiedergegebene Werk ist enthalten in Organisten uit de 18e en 19e eeuw Band 1, hg. v. W. van Twillert. Dort als Quelle genannt R.s Zwölf OrgelstĂŒcke verschiedener Art. Dritter Theil, erschienen van Twillert zufolge nach 1806; jedoch wird im StĂŒck an zwei Stellen auf den abweichenden Notentext einer nicht nĂ€her bezeichneten âAusgabe 1787â verwiesen. Muck bringt eine lĂ€ngere Liste im Druck erschienener Klavier- und Orgelwerke R.s. Angesichts der QualitĂ€t des eingespielten StĂŒcks erstaunt, daĂ es davon aktuell anscheinend allein in einer neueren Ausgabe verfĂŒgbar ist.
J.C. RĂŒttinger was born the son of a glazier â who also conducted the local church choir â in the hamlet of Streufdorf in Thuringia. He received his musical training from the local kantor (organist and choirmaster â the incumbent at the time was his maternal grandfather), then in nearby Hildburghausen (capital of the duchy of Saxe-H.), and finally from J.E. Rembt, organist of the principal church in Suhl. R. got Rembt to teach him by sending him some organ trios of his own, which Rembt thought impressive. As a young man R. joined the Hildburghausen court orchestra as second violinist, but obtained leave of absence to study with the organist of the Predigerkirche in Erfurt, Johann Christian Kittel, and for many years was also organist of the Apostelkirche in H.
The main source of these notes is the entry on R. in F.J.A. Mucks Biographische Notizen ĂŒber die Componisten der Choralmelodien im Baierischen neuen Choral-Buche (Erlangen 1823). Muck clearly disposed of quite a lot of (possibly first-hand) information, but knows no dates other than R.âs birthday. He mentions that on a trip âthrough northern Germanyâ R. âin his younger daysâ gave organ recitals that were well received (besides places like Hamburg and Bremen the list of venues includes such not so northerly cities as Leipzig, Fulda, Frankfurt am Main). Ingward Ullrich: HildburghĂ€user Musikerâ (2003) has little to add except that when Johann Peter Heuschkel vacated the post of court organist in H. in 1818 R., himself already older than Heuschkel, was passed over in favour of his pupil F. Dotzauer; according to Ullrich R. held the organistship at the Apostelkirche from 1797 onward. From its opening in 1795 R. taught piano, organ, violin and thoroughbass at the Hildburghausen teachersâ seminary.
The work recorded here is contained in Organisten uit de 18e en 19e eeuw vol. 1, ed. W. van Twillert. The source given there is R.âs Zwölf OrgelstĂŒcke verschiedener Art. Dritter Theil, stated to have been published âafter 1806â; however in two places of the score alternative readings are given that are credited to a â1787 editionâ, without further details. Muck gives a lengthy list of printed works for piano and organ by R. In light of the quality of the piece heard here it is strange that it seems to be the sole work of his currently available in a recent edition.
Johann Friedrich Schmoll (1739-94): 5 Leichte OrgelstĂŒcke | 5 Easy Organ Pieces (Orgel der Abteikirche GrĂŒssau (KrzeszĂłw, PL))
(English below) Das Manuskript der eingespielten Werke, im Video eingeblendet, trĂ€gt den Titel âSechs leichte OrgelstĂŒcke von Friederich Schmoll. Poss:[edit] Fried:[(e)rich] Heckâ sowie von anderer Hand den Vermerk âcomponirt An:[no] 1789 / Scrips:[it] an:[no] 1789â. Die Kennzeichnung von Orgelwerken als âleichtâ bedeutete offenbar im 18.Jh. zuvörderst, daĂ ein Pedalpart fehlt. Friedrich Heck mag ein SchĂŒler Schmolls gewesen sein. Das sechste StĂŒck, âFantasieâ genannt, besteht nur aus Akkordblöcken und einigen Ăberleitungen, die offenbar als Grundlage einer improvisierten Ausgestaltung dienen sollen. Wolfgang Stockmeier hat die StĂŒcke 1974 ediert und dieser Ausgabe eine von ihm ausgearbeitete Version der âFantasieâ beigegeben. Gabriel Isenberg hat die sechs StĂŒcke ebenfalls auf Youtube eingespielt und bietet eine eigene Lösung. Mir ist das zu spekulativ â ich denke, bei Schmoll hĂ€tte es anders geklungen, traue mir aber bestimmt nicht zu, es besser zu machen. Also habe ich die âFantasieâ weggelassen.
Eine ausfĂŒhrliche Biographie Schmolls findet sich in der Videobeschreibung meiner Aufnahme seiner Bearbeitung von Ein feste Burg. Dort auch ein Bild der Orgel der SchloĂkirche Kirchheimbolanden, wo Schmoll Organist war. Das Instrument trĂ€gt den Namen âMozartorgelâ, weil: âich [W.A.M.] hab [in Kirchheimbolanden] im allen [sic] 12 mahl gespiellt, und einmahl auf begehren in der lutherischen kirche auf der orgel, und habe der fĂŒrstinn [Caroline von Nassau-Weilburg] mit 4 sinfonien aufgewartetâ (Mozart an seinen Vater, Mannheim 4. Feb. 1778). Leider hat man das Instrument im 20. Jh. zweimal umgebaut, der ursprĂŒngliche Spieltisch ist jetzt MuseumsstĂŒck. Die Sinfonien fĂŒhrte die Hofkapelle auf, die mit Ausnahme des Sonntags allabendlich ein Konzert gab.
Der Weg dahin? 1688 erwirkten die Linien Nassau-Usingen, N.-Idstein und N.-Weilburg von Kaiser Leopold die BestĂ€tigung ihres fĂŒrstlichen Rangs (bis dahin hieĂen sie Grafen). Eine eigene Vertretung im Reichstag war damit nicht verbunden, vielmehr muĂte man sich dort weiter mit anderen die Kuriatstimme der wetterauischen Grafenbank teilen. Johann Ernst von Nassau-Weilburg verzichtete daher auf den FĂŒrstentitel und bezahlte auch nicht seinen Anteil an den hohen Kosten, die die Reichskanzlei fĂŒr die Standeserhöhung in Rechnung stellte. Auch Sohn Carl August regierte fast 20 Jahre als Graf, ehe er 1737 doch den FĂŒrstentitel annahm â ohne der Verwandtschaft die 1688 vorgestreckten Kosten zu erstatten. Er steckte sein Geld lieber in ein neues ResidenzschloĂ in Kirchheimbolanden (1738-40 von Guillaume dâHaubĂ©rat). Zur Komplettierung seiner nunmehr fĂŒrstlichen Hofhaltung bedurfte es einer Hofmusik, es wurde ein Orchester organisiert und auch die Orgel der SchloĂkirche stammt aus dieser Zeit. Doch starb die Hofmusik zunĂ€chst mit ihm. Nachfolger Carl Christian, der 1753 18jĂ€hrig erbte, ĂŒbertrug die RegierungsgeschĂ€fte seinem Hauslehrer und wurde Offizier im Dienst der niederlĂ€ndischen Generalstaaten. 1760 heiratete er in Den Haag Caroline, Tochter des Erbstatthalters Wilhelms IV. von Oranien und der Princess Royal Anna, der Ă€ltesten Tochter Georgs II. von GroĂbritannien.
Seit 1763 verbrachte das Paar die Sommer in Kirchheimbolanden und beschloĂ 1769, dauerhaft dorthin ĂŒberzusiedeln. Jetzt machte sich Caroline daran, die Hofmusik neu aufzubauen. Sie spielte selbst glĂ€nzend Clavier (damals Bezeichnung fĂŒr jedes Tasteninstrument) und hatte bereits 1766 den neunjĂ€hrigen Mozart nach Den Haag geholt, wo er ihr zweimal vorspielte und ihr die Sonaten KV 25-31 widmete.
Caroline starb 1787, ihr Ehemann im folgenden Jahr. Sohn Friedrich Wilhelm verlegte nun die Hofhaltung wieder nach Weilburg. Die StĂŒcke von Schmoll entstanden wieder ein Jahr spĂ€ter. Schmoll, in Kirchheimbolanden auch als Orchestermusiker tĂ€tig, blieb als Organist der SchloĂkirche wohl auch nach 1788 dort. Weilburg dĂŒrfte er aber gekannt haben. Mit Bildern von Weilburg war das Video leichter zu illustrieren als mit solchen von Kirchheimbolanden â dort ist die SchloĂkirche erhalten, nicht das SchloĂ. 1792 besetzten französische Truppen alles linksrheinische Gebiet. Das SchloĂ wurde vom französischen Staat 1807 an einen Privatmann verkauft, der es groĂenteils abreiĂen lieĂ. Ein verbliebener SeitenflĂŒgel wurde mehrfach umgebaut, brannte dann 1861 ab und wurde nur vereinfacht wieder hergestellt. Bilder der ursprĂŒnglichen Anlage sind nicht aufzutreiben. Weilburg wieder liegt zwar rechts des Rheins, doch floh FĂŒrst Friedrich Wilhelm 1792 von dort nach Bayreuth und löste die Hofmusik auf. Zwei Jahre spĂ€ter starb Schmoll in Kirchheimbolanden.
Die Orgel dort erbaute 1745 Johann Michael Stumm (36 / iii+P). Wie schon fĂŒr Ein feste Burg erwies sich die wenig Ă€ltere Engler-Orgel im schlesischen GrĂŒssau fĂŒr Schmolls Musik als kongenial geeignet.
The manuscript of the works recorded here, shown in the video, is entitled âSix easy organ pieces by Friederich Schmollâ, with the owner given as âFried:[(e)rich] Heckâ. A further note on the title page reads âWritten in 1789â and yet another one âComposed in 1789â. The language is German mixed with Latin. Describing organ works as âeasyâ at the time meant first and foremost that no pedals are needed. Fried(e)rich Heck may have been a pupil of Schmoll. The sixth piece, entitled âFantasieâ, consists only of block chords and sketched-out passage work and was presumably meant to serve as the basis for an improvised performance. Wolfgang Stockmeier edited the manuscript in 1974, with a suggested completion of the âFantasieâ. Gabriel Isenberg has also recorded the six pieces for Youtube and included his own completed version of number 6. To my mind this is too speculative â I have a feeling Schmoll would have done it differently, yet I would certainly not be able to do any better. I therefore decided to record only the first five pieces.
A full biography of Schmoll will be found in the video description of my recording of his arrangement of Ein feste Burg. That video also features a photograph of the organ in the church of Kirchheimbolanden Palace, where Schmoll was the organist. The instrument is known as the âMozart organâ: âIn all I [W.A.M.] played twelve times [during a stay at Kirchheimbolanden in early 1778], and once on request on the organ in the Lutheran church, and I presented the princess [Caroline of Nassau-Weilburg] with 4 symphoniesâ (Mozart to his father, Mannheim 4 Feb. 1778). Sadly in the 20th c. the organ was rebuilt twice, with the original console now reduced to a museum piece. The symphonies must have been played by the court orchestra, which in the time of Princess Caroline gave a concert every evening except on Sundays.
The antecedents? In 1688 the heads of three branches of the House of Nassau (Nassau-Usingen, N.-Idstein, and N.-Weilburg) obtained confirmation from the Emperor Leopold that they had princely rank (until then they were addressed as counts). This did not involve a representation of their own in the imperial diet; rather, they continued to share a vote with other local nobles that were âimmediate to the emperorâ (i.e. who recognised no superior other than the emperor himself). As a result Johann Ernst of Nassau-Weilburg decided to forego his new princely title, and used that as an excuse not to pay his share of the substantial fees that the imperial chancery charged for the transaction. His son Carl August likewise ruled as a count for almost 20 years, before deciding, in 1737, to adopt the title of prince after all. Neglecting to reimburse his relatives for the expense incurred in 1688, he instead invested his money in a fine new palace at Kirchheimbolanden (built in 1738-40 to a design by Guillaume dâHaubĂ©rat). A princely court needed an orchestra, which was duly established; the quite substantial organ in the palace church likewise dates from that period. However, when Carl August died in 1753 the palace fell silent. His successor Carl Christian, who inherited the title at the age of 18, entrusted the running of the principality to his former tutor and enlisted as an officer in the army of the Dutch States General. In 1760 at The Hague he married Caroline, a daughter of hereditary stadtholder William IV and the Princess Royal Anne, eldest daughter of George II of Britain.
From 1763 onwards the couple spent the summer at Kirchheimbolanden and in 1769 decided to move their permanently. Caroline now set about recreating a musical establishment. An excellent keyboard player herself, already in 1766 she had pushed hard for Leopold Mozart to visit The Hague, where his then nine-year-old son played twice for her as well as dedicating the sonatas KV 25-31 to the princess.
Caroline died in 1787 and her husband in 1788. Their son Friedrich Wilhelm now moved the court back to Weilburg. The organ pieces by Schmoll were written in the following year. At Kirchheimbolanden Schmoll also played in the court orchestra, but as organist of the palace church at Kirchheimbolanden he presumably stayed there rather than following the court to Weilburg. On the other hand he must have known Weilburg. It was much easier to illustrate this video with images of Weilburg than of Kirchheimbolanden â where not much more survives of the once-splendid palace than the church. In 1792 revolutionary France annexed all territory west of the Rhine. The French state in 1807 sold the palace at Kirchheimbolanden to a private individual, who proceeded to tear most of it down. One remaining wing was repeatedly altered, then burned down in 1861 and was rebuilt only in simplified form. I have been unable to find any images of the original palace. Weilburg is east of the Rhine, yet Prince Friedrich Wilhelm in 1792 nonetheless retreated to Bayreuth, dissolving his musical establishment. Two years later Schmoll died at Kirchheimbolanden.
The organ at Kirchheimbolanden was built in 1745 by Johann Michael Stumm (36 / iii+P). As with the aforementioned arrangement of Ein feste Burg the Engler organ at GrĂŒssau (KrzeszĂłw) abbey in Silesia, built only a few years earlier, proved perfectly suited for rendering Schmollâs music.
Johann Julius Schneider (1805-85): Liebster Jesu wir sind hier (Buchholz-Orgel Kronstadt)
(English below) Eine weitere Folge aus der Serie zur Orgelgeschichte Berlins speziell der Romantik ( https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list⊠). Johann Julius Schneider wurde 1805 in Berlin geboren, sein Vater war Inhaber einer Klavierfabrik. Zu seinen Lehrern gehörten August Wilhelm Bach, der Organist der Berliner Marienkirche und spĂ€tere Direktor des Königlichen Instituts fĂŒr Kirchenmusik, aber auch etwa die Klaviervirtuosen Ludwig Berger in Berlin und Johann Nepomuk Hummel in Weimar. Schneider wirkte zwar, wie im Video vermerkt, zeitlebens als Organist und Kantor der neuen Friedrichwerderschen Kirche in Berlin, trat aber ebenso als virtuoser Pianist hervor â man merkt das auch diesem StĂŒck an. Zugleich komponierte er nicht zuletzt Chorwerke. Schneider war als unermĂŒdlicher Organisator und als Dirigent eine tragende SĂ€ule des Berliner wie des Potsdamer Musiklebens und in dieser Eigenschaft TrĂ€ger einer Vielzahl von Orden und Ehrungen. Unter anderem erhielt er bereits 1837 den Titel eines Königlichen Musikdirektors und wurde 1849 zum Mitglied der Akademie der KĂŒnste gewĂ€hlt. Seit 1854 wie sein Lehrer Bach als Dozent am Königlichen Institut fĂŒr Kirchenmusik tĂ€tig, wurde er 1866 zum Professor ernannt. FĂŒr die Zeit und angesichts seiner Prominenz zu Lebzeiten eher erstaunlich war es mir nicht möglich, irgendein PortrĂ€t von ihm aufzutreiben. Das kann nicht daran liegen, daĂ es keine gibt â zu seiner Zeit war es bereits vollkommen ĂŒblich, sich fotografieren zu lassen. Der Grund muĂ vielmehr sein, daĂ Schneider heute ziemlich vollstĂ€ndig vergessen ist. Vielleicht auch deshalb, weil er von seinen Kompositionen anscheinend nur wenig veröffentlicht hat.
This is another instalment of my series on the organ history of Berlin, more particularly that of the Romantic period ( https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list⊠). Johann Julius Schneider was born in Berlin in 1805. His father owned a piano factory. Among his teachers were August Wilhelm Bach, the organist of St Maryâs Church in Berlin and later director of the Royal Institute of Church Music, but also Ludwig Berger in Berlin and Johann Nepomuk Hummel in Weimar, both of them famous professional pianists. As noted in the video Schneider was the first organist and director of music of the new Friedrichwerdersche Kirche in Berlin, a post that he held throughout his life. But he also performed as a concert pianist himself â something that this piece reflects. At the same time his output as a composer also comprises many choral works. As an energetic organiser and as a conductor Schneider was a pillar of musical life in Berlin and Potsdam and the recipient of numerous decorations and honours. Thus he had the title of Königlicher Musikdirektor (Royal Director of Music) conferred on him as early as 1837 and was elected a member of the Academy of Arts in 1849. In 1854 he joined his teacher Bach as a faculty member of the Royal Institute of Church Music and was awarded a professorship in 1866. Somewhat surprisingly â given the period and Schneiderâs status â I was unable to find a portrait of him anywhere. They must exist â at that time you would have your photograph taken as a matter of course. Rather it must be because Schneider has been forgotten so completely, one reason for which may be that is seems he was not much given to publishing his compositions.
Simon Sechter (1788-1867): Lobe den Herren den mÀchtigen König der Ehren
Buchholz-Orgel Kronstadt (BraĆov, RumĂ€nien; 1839)(via Hauptwerk) Praise to the Lord the Almighty the King of Creation | English below! â Durchaus ein Kuriosum: Lobe den Herren, dieses erzlutherische Kirchenlied, in der Bearbeitung des Hoforganisten der erzkatholischen MajestĂ€ten in Wien. (Und es gibt mehr davon: folgen soll âWachet auf ruft uns die Stimmeâ in der Bearbeitung desselben Komponisten.)
Sechter ĂŒbernahm das Amt des Organisten der Hofburgkapelle 1824 und behielt es bis kurz vor seinem Tod 1867. Neben dieser TĂ€tigkeit was er als Musiktheoretiker und Lehrer hoch angesehen und gesucht. Unter seinen zahlreichen SchĂŒlern hielt er Anton Bruckner fĂŒr den besten.
Als Hoforganist folgte ihm ein anderer SchĂŒler, Rudolf Bibl (youtu.be/ZmcYGuuIhNk, youtu.be/5kVcBhZSsCc), der das hier vorgestellte StĂŒck in seiner 1897 erschienenen âOrgelschuleâ op.81 abdruckt, und zwar als Beispiel fĂŒr orgelmĂ€Ăigen Fingersatz.
Nach jemand anderes Fingersatz zu spielen ist immer schwierig, und so wird in Notenausgaben in der Regel auf Finger- oder FuĂsatz verzichtet. Es ist in diesem Fall aber auch sehr interessant: immer wieder dachte ich beim Einstudieren, das hĂ€tte ich anders gemacht! Warum macht er das so?
AufschluĂreich ist etwa, daĂ Bibl grundsĂ€tzlich Legato-Spiel erwartet, im Zweifel aber bequemerem Fingersatz den Vorzug vor strengem Legato gibt (dabei ist der Fingersatz vielfach schon sehr komplex). Sechters StĂŒck ist dreistimmig angelegt. Alle drei Stimmen zugleich sind aber nur dann zu hören, wenn eine davon den Cantus firmus (die Choralmelodie) spielt. Die einzelnen Phrasen des Cantus firmus sind abwechselnd der Ober- und der Mittelstimme zugewiesen. Namentlich dann, wenn der Cantus firmus in die Mittelstimme âversenktâ ist, verzichtet Bibl darauf, ihn durchgehend legato spielen zu lassen.
Das StĂŒck stellt fĂŒr den Spieler eine gröĂere Herausforderung dar, als ein oberflĂ€chlicher Blick auf die Noten erkennen lĂ€Ăt. Verwirrend ist insbesondere, daĂ Noten im oberen System hĂ€ufig teilweise von der linken Hand gespielt werden mĂŒssen und umgekehrt. Die Verteilung der Noten auf die HĂ€nde ergibt sich zwar aus dem Fingersatz: dennoch ist der Druck optisch so irrefĂŒhrend, daĂ erst umfangreiche Bleistiftmarkierungen das StĂŒck handhabbar machten.
This piece is a bit of a curio: Lobe den Herren, that arch-Lutheran hymn, in an arrangement by the organist to the imperial court in Vienna, that bastion of catholicism. (And there is more where this came from: I plan to upload Wachet auf ruft uns die Stimme by the same composer.)
Sechter presided over the organ of the chapel of the imperial palace from 1824 until shortly before his death in 1867. He was also a renowned teacher of musical theory and composition. Among his many pupils Sechter himself considered Anton Bruckner to have been the best.
He was succeeded as court organist by another pupil, Rudolf Bibl (youtu.be/ZmcYGuuIhNk, youtu.be/5kVcBhZSsCc). Bibl prints the piece presented here in his âOrgelschuleâ (Organ School) op.81 of 1897, using it as an example of fingering appropriate for the organ.
Trying to play a piece with somebody elseâs fingering is always awkward, which is why no fingering is usually given in printed scores. But in this instance it is also very interesting. âI would have done that differently!â I found myself thinking time and again in learning the piece. âWhy does he do it like this?â
It is notable for example that Bibl in principle expects you to play legato throughout, but also tends to give convenient fingering priority over strict legato (even so his fingering is complex enough). Sechterâs piece is a three-part setting, but you only hear all three voices simultaneously when one of them plays the cantus firmus. The individual phrases of the hymn tune are assigned alternately to the upper voice and to the middle voice. It is noticeable that when the c.f. is âsunkâ into the middle voice Bibl did not feel it necessary to ensure its being played legato.
The piece presents more of a challenge for the player than a superficial glance at the score may suggest. Confusingly a great many notes printed in the upper staff must really be played by the left hand and vice versa. This is made clear by the fingering; but making the score manageable still required a good deal of vigorous pencil marking.
Simon Sechter (1788-1867): Variationen ĂŒber Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser (Nr. 1+2 â 3+4 â 5+6)
Buchholz-Orgel Kronstadt (BraĆov, RumĂ€nien; 1839)(via Hauptwerk) Variations on God Preserve the Empâror Francis English below Simon Sechter veröffentlichte um 1827 oder 28, wenige Jahre nach seiner Ernennung zum Hoforganisten in Wien, sechs âVariationen oder contrapunktische SĂ€tze ĂŒber das österreichische Volkslied Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiserâ. Es handelt sich natĂŒrlich um die Kaiserhymne von Joseph Haydn (siehe auch hier). Laut Titelseite des Originaldrucks (verfĂŒgbar bei imslp.com) sind die Variationen âfĂŒr die Orgel oder das Pianoforteâ bestimmt, wobei das Wort âOrgelâ deutlich gröĂer gedruckt ist.
TatsĂ€chlich lassen sich die Variationen auf dem Klavier kaum darstellen: mit zwei HĂ€nden kann man nicht gleichzeitig die Begleitung und dazu den Cantus firmus spielen. Letzterer muĂ (auĂer bei Variation Nr. 3) ausgegliedert werden â auf der Orgel durchfĂŒhrbar, indem man ihn ins Pedal legt.
(Alternativ könnte man den Cantus firmus einem Melodieinstrument zuweisen, z.B. einer Geige; oder man singt ihn â allerdings hat das Lied nur vier Strophen⊠In Variation Nr. 4 ergĂ€be sich die zusĂ€tzliche Schwierigkeit, daĂ hier der Cantus firmus zwischen den Stimmen wechselt.)
Gedruckt ist alles auf zwei Systemen, und das auch noch sehr dicht und mĂŒhsam zu lesen. Ich war drauf und dran, die Partitur selbst neu zu setzen mit einem eigenen System fĂŒr das Pedal, als ich noch rechtzeitig feststellte, daĂ dies schon jemand erledigt hat (Simon Sechter: Variationen ĂŒber âGott erhalteâ, fĂŒr Orgel. Hg. von Otto Biba. Wien & MĂŒnchen: Doblinger 1973).
Die sechs Variationen kommen sĂ€mtlich eher lyrisch-vertrĂ€umt daher, ohne patriotisches Pathos. Alle sechs hintereinander zu hören wĂ€re vielleicht ein biĂchen viel auf einmal, daher habe ich sie auf drei Videos verteilt.
Sechter veröffentlichte, wohl 1830, Variationen auch ĂŒber God Save The King, allerdings fĂŒr Streichquartett.
Probably in 1827 or 1828, a few years after his appointment as organist to the imperial court in Vienna, Simon Sechter published âSix Variations or Contrapuntal Movements on the Austrian Folksong Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiserâ. This is of course the imperial anthem composed by Joseph Haydn in 1797 and translated by Charles Burney in 1798 as âGod Preserve the Empâror Francisâ (see also here). The title page of the original edition says that the work is âfor the organ or the pianoforteâ, with the word âorganâ displayed much more prominently.
In fact you would have difficulty performing the variations on the piano: it is not possible to play both the tune and the accompaniment with your hands alone, except in the case of no. 3. In the other variations you need to separate the cantus firmus, which you can do on the organ by assigning it to the pedals.
(As an alternative you could also assign the cantus firmus to another instrument, such as the violin, or you could sing it â but the song has only four stanzas⊠In no. 4 there would be the additional challenge that in this four-part setting the different phrases of the cantus firmus are assigned to different voices.)
The original edition (available on imslp.com) is printed on two staves, quite densely and hard to read. I was about to produce a more user-friendly score, with a separate staff for the pedal part, myself when I discovered that somebody else had already done this (Simon Sechter: Variationen ĂŒber âGott erhalteâ, fĂŒr Orgel. Edited by Otto Biba. Vienna & Munich: Doblinger 1973).
All six variations have a lyrical, dreamy quality devoid of patriotic pathos. Listening to all six in one go might be a bit much. Therefore I have divided the work into three separate videos.
Probably in about 1830 Sechter also published variations on God Save The King â but these are for string quartet.
William Selby (1738-98): Psalm 23 / Fugue in D for Organ (Little Waldingfield)
This video explores the possibility that there may be a connection between William Selbyâs decision to emigrate to America and his abrupt resignation (or dismissal) as organist of the Magdalen Hospital for Penitent Prostitutes three years previously. Sources used for researching this video (in part accessible online) include
H.F.B. Compston, The Magdalen Hospital. The Story Of A Great Charity (London 1917).
Dan Cruickshank, Londonâs Sinful Secret. The Bawdy History And Very Public Passions Of Londonâs Georgian Age (New York 2009) 280ff.
Tinker McKay, âJohn Selby, Colonial Organist.â In: St Paulâs Journal, Easter Season 2006, 5-7 (this uses the vestry minutes of the St Paulâs Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia).
Nicholas Temperley, Bound for America. Three British Composers (University of Illinois Press 2003)(and see also Temperleyâs entry for William Selby in the âNew Groveâ).
Horace Walpole: Letter to George Montagu (28 January 1760). The party to which Walpole belonged included Prince Frederic, the younger brother of the Prince of Wales (in 1765 Queen Charlotte became patron of the institution â as, in 1841, did Queen Victoria). Lord Hertford was the hospitalâs president. Lord Dartmouth was a well-known evangelical leader (in 1772 he became colonial secretary and played a role in the events leading up to the rebellion of the 13 colonies; Dartmouth College in New Hampshire is named after him).
It is a pity that of the various buildings occupied by the Magdalen Hospital almost nothing survives. An alley named Magdalen Passage is the sole reminder of the site in Prescot Street. When the hospital moved to Streatham in 1866 the buildings in St Georgeâs Fields were sold to the Peabody Trust, which proceeded to pull them down to make way for the first of its low-rent housing estates. The rather pleasant Victorian buildings of the Streatham site (the chapel in particular looks beautiful) were acquired by Lambeth Council after the institution ceased to be residential in 1966, then razed around 1980 and replaced with council housing; apparently only the gatehouse remains.
Surprisingly, the original Magdalen Hospital seems to have been quite good at what it was doing. As mentioned in the video there was no shortage of applicants. The attraction was free board and lodging for a period of at least a year and assistance in finding paid employment afterwards. Mostly this seems to have been successful even though inevitably quite a few inmates left early or were expelled and some got into trouble again. The inmates had to subject themselves to strict discipline and a liberal dousing of religious propaganda (including of the musical sort in the form of psalms and hymns), and they were given jobs to do. Walpole writes: âWe were then shown their work, which is making linen, and bead-work; they are paid ten pounds a-weekâ (a large sum: it must have been shared among the inmates).
From 1913 the hospital derived an income from laundry work. In 1934 it changed to an âApproved School for female offenders. The words âfor the Reception of Penitent Prostitutesâ were dropped from its title in 1938âŠ.In 1944 it became the Magdalen Hospital Classifying School for Girls, where girls were sent for assessment by Juvenile Courts in the south of England before their future was decided.â (âLost Hospitals of Londonâ: http://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/magdalen.html ). The school was closed in 1966 and replaced by the Magdalen Hospital Trust. âThe Trust no longer offers residential support itself but makes grants to promote the welfare of young people (of both genders), under the age of 25 years, who suffer from various effects of social deprivation, abuse, mental and physical handicap, inadequate housing, lack of education or training, and the problems derived from unemployment and broken families.â (http://www.magdalentrust.org.uk/1.html )
William Selby (1738-98): Voluntary in A Major for Organ (Velesovo)
The best-known work by William Selby, due no doubt to its inclusion in C.H. Trevorâs popular collection Old English Organ Music for Manuals (there is another edition of the piece by Daniel Pinkham). But is it really by William Selby? To be sure this is not only possible but even likely, and there is no contrary evidence. I therefore go along with the traditional attribution to William, but a caveat is in order. In the original 1767 printing the name of the composer is given merely as âMr Selbyâ. Unfortunately that leaves at least two possibilities. One is William Selby, organist, at that time, of the London churches of All Hallows Bread Street and St Sepulchre-without-Newgate (the latter jointly with Samuel Jarvis) as well as of the Magdalen Hospital Chapel (for the latter post see my video of Williamâs setting of Psalm 23 and and of his âFuge or Voluntaryâ in D [see above]). The other is John Selby (1735-1805), Williamâs elder brother and organist, from 1764, of the London church of St Mary Woolnoth. (There were two more brothers but they do not seem to have been musicians.)
Nicholas Temperley (Bound for America: Three British Composers; University of Illinois Press 2003) writes that John Selby is âunlikelyâ to have been the author of this voluntary âsince his only known composition is an undistinguished hymn tuneâ (p. 48). But â as Temperley himself makes clear elsewhere â the hymn tune is NOT (necessarily) Johnâs only âknownâ composition; rather, it is the only one, so far as has been determined, that was ever published. In 1771 John emigrated to New England to become organist of Kingâs Chapel, Boston, a fairly prestigious post: the organ there, a three-manual instrument by Richard Bridge shipped from London in 1756, must at that time have been the largest in North America [Edit: at least if you exclude Mexico].
Within weeks of Johnâs arrival the Boston Evening Post of 30 September announced a concert on 4 October that was to include âan Organ Concerto by a gentleman lately arrived from London, Organist of the Chapelâ, and the Massachusetts Spy of 3 October referred to (presumably) the same item as an âOrgan concerto by Mr. Selbyâ (both quoted in the same book, pp. 13-14). William Selby subsequently followed his brother to New England but did not leave London until late in 1773 â so contrary to what has been supposed by earlier writers who did not look closely enough at the dates the Mr Selby âlately arrived from Londonâ in 1771 could only be John.
If John Selby was capable of composing an organ concerto then he could compose the voluntary heard here. (Now, just so this does not get too easy the concerto might also have been written by William: âThe Selby concerto was played in several subsequent concerts by both John and William Selby, either of whom could have been the composerâŠThat [John] Selby brought the music of the concerto with him (and retained it) is suggested by an inventory of the music owned by [Stephen Debloisâs] Concert-Hall [in Hanover Street, Boston] and advertised for sale when the hall was sold in 1774. Instrumental music by Kelly, Humphry, and other obscure composers found in the 1771 program is listed as having been owned by the management of the hall, but there is no mention of a Selby concerto. It should also be noted that the annals of Boston music record no performances of this concerto after the death of William Selby, nor has the manuscript yet been unearthed, either in America or England.â (Barbara Owen, âThe Other Mr. Selbyâ, in: American Music 8 [1990] 477-82)
If John published less than his younger brother that does not seem to me to be much of an argument against his authorship; and if Temperley finds Johnâs published hymn tune âundistinguishedâ that begs the question if a mere hymn tune could ever be so spectacular as to make John a more likely candidate for authorship of the voluntary. Unless more evidence comes to light the issue probably cannot be resolved. â A note on the organ of St Sepulchreâs mentioned in the video: the date of the original organ by Renatus Harris is often given as 1670 (or a later year in the 1670s), but the date given in the video (1701) would appear to be more plausible (the National Pipe Organ Register surmises that the earlier organ was by Renatusâs father Thomas and that Renatus rebuilt it in 1701).
Leonhard Selle (1816-88): Wachet auf ruft uns die Stimme (+ Choral: Joh. Friedr. Schwencke)
English below Leonhard Selle wurde 1816 in Gelting im Herzogtum Schleswig geboren (seit der Teilung des Landes in Nord- und SĂŒdschleswig und der Abtretung von Nordschleswig an DĂ€nemark 1920 liegt der Ort wenig sĂŒdlich der dĂ€nisch-deutschen Grenze, an der Flensburger Förde). Sohn eines Lehrers und Organisten, trat er in dessen FuĂstapfen. Er absolvierte das Lehrerseminar in Tondern (TĂžnder im heutigen Nordschleswig) und lernte wohl dort Klaus Groth (1819-99), den spĂ€ter berĂŒhmten niederdeutschen Dichter kennen.
1843 trat er eine Stelle in Landkirchen auf Fehmarn an, die wie damals ĂŒblich die TĂ€tigkeit des Schullehrers mit der des Organisten an der Dorfkirche St. Petri verband. Auch Groth war in den Schuldienst eingetreten, erlitt aber 1847 einen Nervenzusammenbruch und verbrachte die nĂ€chsten Jahre (bis 1853) im Haus seines Freundes Selle auf Fehmarn. Dort entstand die 1853 veröffentlichte Gedichtsammlung Quickborn, die Groth mit einem Schlag bekannt machte; Selle schuf zu einer Anzahl dieser Gedichte Vertonungen fĂŒr Singstimme und Klavier. 1855 wurde Selle zum Nachfolger des im Vorjahr verstorbenen Organisten der Rendsburger Christkirche Christian Detlev Marxen berufen. In Rendsburg war er offenbar nicht mehr als Schullehrer, sondern neben seiner TĂ€tigkeit als Organist als privater Musiklehrer tĂ€tig.
Bereits sein Vater war ein Freund und Förderer des Orgelbauers JĂŒrgen Marcussen (1781-1860), der 1806 in Wester-Satrup (Vester Sottrup im heutigen Nordschleswig) die gleichnamige Orgelbauanstalt grĂŒndete (seit 1830 in Apenrade / Aabenraa). Die jetzige Orgel der Petrikirche in Landkirchen wurde 1853 von Marcussen gebaut (18/ii+P; ursprĂŒngliche Registerzahl laut Netzseite der Firma): das Datum kann kaum Zweifel daran lassen, daĂ die Initiative dazu von Selle ausging. Die Firma Marcussen wurde 1879 auch mit dem Umbau der 1716 fertiggestellten Schnitgerorgel der Christkirche beauftragt â wiederum also, wĂ€hrend Selle dort Organist war. FĂŒr die Einspielung seines Choralvorspiels zu Wachet auf ruft uns die Stimme (zuerst gedruckt in einer Sammlung, deren letzte Lieferung 1855 erschien) habe ich die Orgel der Dorfkirche Altenbruch gewĂ€hlt, weil sie ein Ă€hnliches Klangideal reprĂ€sentiert wie die Rendsburger Schnitgerorgel, die Selle, vor ihrem Umbau, noch fast ein Vierteljahrhundert mehr oder weniger in ihrer barocken Originalgestalt spielte.
Ebenfalls mit der Altenbrucher Orgel habe ich bereits eine Choralbearbeitung von Peter Gerritz (Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott: https://youtu.be/ca6UcZhk7XI ) aufgenommen â Gerritz war Organist der Rendsburger Stadtkirche St. Marien, kannte jedoch zweifellos auch die wĂ€hrend seiner Amtszeit erbaute Orgel der Christkirche. Dem Choralvorspiel von Selle lasse ich den Choral selbst folgen, hier gesetzt von Johann Friedrich Schwencke (1792-1852), Organist an St. Nicolai in Hamburg, fĂŒr sein âChoral-Buch zum Hamburgischen Gesangbucheâ von 1832 (verfĂŒgbar bei imslp.com ). Die Melodie hat bei Schwencke die im 19. Jahrhundert offenbar allgemein ĂŒbliche Form, ebenso zu hören in den unlĂ€ngst hier hochgeladenen ChoralsĂ€tzen von August Wilhelm Bach (1830: https://youtu.be/hxCenpeaLFc ; Choralvorspiel von Otto Dienel) und Wilhelm Volckmar (1865: https://youtu.be/e8F6hfkuTx4 ; Choralvorspiel von Adalbert ĂberlĂ©e). Drei weitere ChoralsĂ€tze von Schwencke in dieser Playlist mit Choralvorspielen des Hamburger Organisten Caspar Daniel Krohn: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJQG183QhFpALzoCVOdUtT3_7w1hKyIms
Das Choralvorspiel von Selle ist mit weiteren desselben Komponisten zu finden in Konrad KĂŒster (Hg.): Norddeutsche Orgelmusik aus klassisch-romantischer Zeit. Bd. 3: Organisten um JĂŒrgen Marcussen (Carus-Verlag 2008). Hinsichtlich der biographischen Angaben orientiere ich mich an KĂŒster. Der deutschsprachige Wikipedia-Artikel zu Selle weicht â Stand Dez. 2021 â davon teilweise ab, macht etwa Selle zum Organisten der Rendsburger Marien- statt der Christkirche und gibt als Todesjahr 1884 an. (In fĂŒr das Netz geschriebenen, offensichtlich weitgehend von einander abhĂ€ngigen Texten findet sich regelmĂ€Ăig das Todesdatum 21. Juli 1884, ĂŒber Google Books einsehbare Buchpublikationen haben dagegen 21. Juli 1888; die Angabe des Tages fehlt bei KĂŒster.)
Leonhard Selle was born in 1816 at Gelting in the duchy of Schleswig (since the partition of Schleswig and the cession of north Schleswig to Denmark in 1920 the village is situated not far south of the German-Danish border, on Flensburg Bay). The son of a teacher and organist, he followed in his fatherâs footsteps, attending the teachersâ seminary at Tondern (TĂžnder in present-day north Schleswig). It was probably there that he met Klaus Groth (1819-99), subsequently a celebrated poet in the Low German dialect of the region.
In 1843 Selle accepted a position in the village of Landkirchen in the island of Fehmarn. As was common at that time he was to be both the village schoolmaster and the organist of the village church. Groth too had become a schoolteacher, but in 1847 he suffered a nervous breakdown. He spent the next few years (until 1853) recuperating in the house of his friend, Selle, at Landkirchen. During this period he wrote a collection of poems (Quickborn), which on its publication in 1853 made him instantly famous; Selle wrote arrangements of a number of these poems for voice and piano. In 1855 Selle was chosen to succeed the organist of the Christkirche (Christ Church) at Rendsburg Christian Detlev Marxen, who had died in the previous year. At Rendsburg Selle apparently no longer worked as a schoolteacher but as a private music teacher, besides his duties as organist.
Already his father had been a friend and promoter of JĂŒrgen Marcussen (1781-1860), who in 1806 set up the eponymous organ building company at Wester-Satrup (Vester Sottrup in north Schleswig; in 1830 the firm moved to Apenrade / Aabenraa, where it still is). The present organ in the church at Landkirchen was built in 1853 by Marcussen (18/ii+P; this is the original number of stops according to the company website): the date leaves little doubt that the initiative for this came from Selle. And it was the Marcussen company which, in 1879, was entrusted with the rebuild of the 1716 Schnitger organ in the Rendsburg Christkirche â again Selle must have been instrumental in bringing this about. Yet until then he played that instrument more or less in its original Baroque form for almost a quarter-century. For my recording of his chorale prelude on Wachet auf (first printed in a collection the final instalment of which appeared in 1855) I therefore chose the organ in the village church at Altenbruch, which represents the same general type of instrument as those built by Schnitger.
I recently picked the same instrument to record an arrangement of Ein feste Burg by Peter Gerritz: Gerritz was organist of the town parish church at Rendsburg, but must have known the organ at the Christkirche â which served the garrison of Rendsburg fortress â since it was built during his tenure: https://www.youtu.be/ca6UcZhk7XI ) Selleâs prelude is followed by the chorale itself, heard here in a setting by Johann Friedrich Schwencke (1792-1852), organist of the Nicolaikirche in Hamburg, from his âChorale Book for the Hamburg Hymnaryâ of 1832 (this can be found on imslp.com ). Schwencke presents the tune in what was clearly its standard form in the 19th century, and which is also found in the two other harmonisations of the same hymn that I uploaded recently â by August Wilhelm Bach (1830: https://youtu.be/hxCenpeaLFc ; chorale prelude by Otto Dienel) and Wilhelm Volckmar (1865: https://youtu.be/e8F6hfkuTx4 ; chorale prelude by Adalbert ĂberlĂ©e). Another three chorale harmonisations by Schwencke can be found in this playlist, where they are paired with preludes by the late-18th-century Hamburg organist Caspar Daniel Krohn: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJQG183QhFpALzoCVOdUtT3_7w1hKyIms .
Selleâs prelude, with others by the same composer, can be found in Konrad KĂŒster (ed.): Norddeutsche Orgelmusik aus klassisch-romantischer Zeit. Vol. 3: Organisten um JĂŒrgen Marcussen (Carus-Verlag 2008). My biographical notes on Selle follow KĂŒster. The German-language Wikipedia article on Selle (as consulted in December 2021) contains some contradictory information â thus it states Selle to have been organist of the town church at Rendsburg (Marienkirche) rather than the garrison church (Christkirche), and gives the year of his death as 1884. (Texts written for the internet and which presumably largely rely on each other regularly give 21 July 1884 as the date of Selleâs death, whereas printed books accessible via Google Books have 21 July 1888; KĂŒster only gives the year, not the exact day).
Johann Caspar Simon (1701-76): Praeludium & Fuga B-Dur fĂŒr Orgel (Velesovo)
(English below) Der Nördlinger Organist Johann Caspar Simon veröffentlichte seine Sammlung von vierzehn jeweils auf zwei Druckseiten beschrĂ€nkten, dabei sehr effektvollen PrĂ€ludien und Fugen in zwei Teilen. Der erste in sieben Dur-Tonarten erschien wohl kurz vor seinem Weggang nach Leipzig 1750, der zweite in den entsprechenden Moll-Tonarten kurz danach (dies lĂ€Ăt sich daraus schlieĂen, daĂ die Titelseite des ersten Teils ihn noch als âOrganist und Director Musices in des Heil. Röm. Reichs Stadt Nördlingenâ bezeichnet, die des zweiten jedoch nicht mehr).
J.C Simon ist auf diesem Kanal bereits mehrfach vertreten. Die Videobeschreibung zu Praeludium & Fuga ex F-Dur enthÀlt Angaben zu seiner durchaus kuriosen Biographie, wÀhrend das Video zu Praeludium & Fuga ex d-moll die Orgelgeschichte der Nördlinger Stadtkirche dokumentiert (s. die Links in einem Kommentar weiter unten).
ââŠwelche so wohl auf der Orgel, als auf dem Clavicordio können gespielet werden⊠Denen Liebhabern des Claviers mitgetheiltâ: unter âClavierâ wurde im 18. Jahrhundert noch jedes Tasteninstrument verstanden. Gedruckte Orgelmusik hatte in Deutschland damals noch Seltenheitswert. Ein Grund dafĂŒr war die begrenzte Anzahl von Leuten, und damit Kunden, die Zugang zu einer Orgel sowie FĂ€higkeiten im Pedalspiel hatten. Entsprechende Veröffentlichungen richteten sich daher gern auch an den weit gröĂeren Kreis derjenigen â das schloĂ, im Hinblick auf den Absatz wichtig, Frauen ein â die daheim ein Tasteninstrument besaĂen. Dabei war das Clavichord, als am billigsten herzustellen, am weitesten verbreitet. (Vgl. auch hier.)
Als Folge dieser Strategie sahen die Komponisten sich bemĂŒĂigt, StĂŒcke anzubieten, die, obwohl vorrangig fĂŒr die Orgel gedacht, keinen obligaten Pedalpart aufwiesen. (Wohl war auch ein Pedal-Clavichord einfach zu bauen. Man stellte es unter das normale Clavichord, mit dem es nicht verbunden zu sein brauchte. Auf einer solchen Kombination ĂŒbten die Organisten, denn in der Kirche zu ĂŒben war verpönt und hĂ€tte ĂŒberdies Balgtreter erfordert, die man hĂ€tte bezahlen mĂŒssen. DaĂ sich kaum ein Pedal-Clavichord erhalten hat, deutet allerdings wiederum auf einen Nutzerkreis hin, der viel kleiner war als die Zahl derjenigen, die nur mit den HĂ€nden spielten. Hinzukommt, daĂ auf der Orgel der Pedalpart den musikalischen Effekt in der Regel sehr erheblich steigert. FĂŒr das Pedal-Clavichord gilt das weniger, so daĂ es wohl wirklich vor allem zum Ăben diente und nicht dazu, Musik aufzufĂŒhren.)
In Simons PrĂ€ludien und Fugen kommt das Pedal nur zur UnterstĂŒtzung einzelner BaĂtöne zum Einsatz und kann weggelassen werden (in manchen StĂŒcken, wie dem hier eingespielten, fehlt sogar der Vermerk âPed.â oder âPedalâ). Auch die Choralbearbeitungen von Joh. Balthasar Kehl, eines Zeitgenossen Simons, lassen sich manualiter spielen â daĂ sich von StĂŒcken aus den 1759ff. gedruckten BĂ€nden auch recht zahlreiche Abschriften erhalten haben, deutet auf ihre Beliebtheit hin. Gleiches gilt von den acht Choralvorspielen, die um 1750 Georg Andreas Sorge, ein weiterer Zeitgenosse Simons, in Druck gab. Auch sie kursierten in Abschriften, finden sich etwa in der sogenannten Neumeister-Sammlung. Georg Friedrich Kauffmanns Choralbearbeitungen, deren erster Band 1733 erschien, enthĂ€lt auch Werke mit obligatem Pedalpart, bietet jedoch zu den einzelnen Melodien jeweils auch manualiter spielbare Bearbeitungen. Weitere Beispiele lieĂen sich nennen.
Der Vergleich zum zeitgenössischen England drĂ€ngt sich auf. Hier wurde im 18. Jahrhundert Orgelliteratur in Menge gedruckt â auf der Titelseite unweigerlich versehen mit dem Vermerk âfor the organ or harpsichordâ (spĂ€ter auch âthe forte-pianoâ) â wobei ĂŒblicherweise Registrieranweisungen mit abgedruckt sind und etwa die Trompete oder das Cornett verlangen! (Anscheinend war das Clavichord in England wenig beliebt; freilich werden wohl mehr Leute ein Spinett besessen haben als ein richtiges Cembalo. Andererseits war, der hohen Anzahl erhaltener Exemplare nach zu urteilen, auch die Hausorgel in England erstaunlich verbreitet.) Auf meinem Kanal sind zahlreiche Einspielungen von Orgelmusik aus dem georgianischen England verfĂŒgbar â und interessanterweise ist JEDES dieser StĂŒcke schon damals gedruckt worden. Im damaligen England stellte sich die Pedalfrage nicht. Wie durch manche Anekdote bezeugt wurde das Orgelspiel mit den FĂŒĂen als kontinentale Marotte belĂ€chelt, und wies in England kaum eine Orgel Pedale auf. Dieser Umstand mag wiederum Teil der ErklĂ€rung dafĂŒr sein, daĂ im England der Zeit soviel mehr Orgelliteratur im Druck erschien als im zeitgenössischen Deutschland.
EinschlÀgige Links zu diesem Text finden sich in einem Kommentar weiter unten.
The organist of the principal church at Nördlingen, Johann Caspar Simon, published his collection of fourteen preludes and fugues, each limited to two printed pages yet highly effective, in two parts. Part One, in seven major keys, presumably appeared shortly before he left Nördlingen for Leipzig in 1750, Part Two in the corresponding minor keys presumably appeared shortly after (this may be surmised from the circumstance that the title page of Part One still describes him as âorganist and director of music of the Holy Roman Empireâs Free City of Nördlingenâ, whereas this is omitted from the title page of Part Two).
J.C. Simon is already featured several times on this channel. The video description for Praeludium & Fuga ex F-Dur has details of his rather curious biography, whereas the video for Praeludium & Fuga ex d-moll documents the organ history of the church at Nördlingen (links in another comment further down). The title page of Simonâs volume, shown at the beginning of the video, advertises the contents as âeasy preludes and fugues ⊠which may be played with both pleasure and advantage either on the organ or the clavichord⊠Communicated to lovers of the keyboard by Johann Caspar Simonâ etc. In 18th-c. Germany printed music for the organ was still a rarity, one reason for which was the limited number of people, and therefore of potential customers, with access to an organ and an ability to use the pedals. Much of what organ music did appear in print was therefore aimed also at the many more people, including, importantly, women, who owned a keyboard instrument at home; among these the clavichord was by far the cheapest and therefore the most widely disseminated. (See also here.)
A result of this strategy was that composers had a strong incentive to offer pieces that, even though primarily written for the organ, lacked an obbligato pedal part. (To be sure, pedal clavichords were easy to build and could simply be shoved underneath an ordinary clavichord, of which they were mechanically independent. This combination constituted the standard practice arrangement for organ players, since practice on an actual organ in church was frowned upon and in any case required helpers â who would expect payment â to operate the bellows. But the extreme rarity of surviving pedal clavichords is testimony to the comparative rarity of people who used them, as opposed to the many more who played with their hands only. Moreover, whereas on an organ the pedal part will usually add greatly to the effect of the music, this is less true of the pedal clavichord, so its main purpose no doubt really was for practice rather than performance.)
In the case of Simonâs preludes and fugues, there are only ad libitum pedal notes to reinforce the bass in some places (in some pieces, like the one heard here, the indication âPed.â or âPedalâ is even omitted entirely from the score). Similarly, the chorale arrangements published in instalments from 1759 onwards by Simonâs contemporary Johann Balthasar Kehl â which to judge by the relative abundance of manuscript copies of the printed pieces were quite popular â can be played on manuals only. The same is true of the eight chorale arrangements that Georg Andreas Sorge, another contemporary, published circa 1750. These too generated manuscript copies â thus they found their way into the so-called Neumeister collection. Georg Friedrich Kauffmannâs printed collection of chorale arrangements, published in instalments from 1733 onwards, does contain pieces with an obbligato pedal part, but usually has one or more arrangements of the same tune that can be played on manuals alone. Further instances could be adduced.
The phenomenon is reminiscent of the large amount of organ literature published in 18th-c. England, uniformly advertised on the title pages as intended âfor the organ or harpsichordâ or, later in the 18th c., the âforte-pianoâ â even though the scores will routinely indicate registrations requiring for example the trumpet or the cornet! It would seem that the clavichord was not popular in England, though it would have been much cheaper than a harpsichord; even in England more people may have owned some form of spinet rather than a full-scale harpsichord. On the other hand 18th-c. England clearly also had a fairly large chamber organ market, to judge by the number of surviving specimens. You will find a great deal of organ music from Georgian England on this channel â ALL of it, interestingly, published at the time. In 18th-c. England the pedal part question of course did not arise. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the continental habit of playing the organ with oneâs feet was indulgently dismissed as rather bizarre, and of course almost no English organ of the period even had pedals. This must go some way towards explaining why there is much more printed organ literature from 18th-c. England than from 18th-c. Germany. Links illustrating this text may be found in a further comment below.
Henry Thomas Smart (1813-79): Evening Prayer (Buchholz-Orgel Kronstadt)
(English below) Von seiner Abstammung her konnte Henry Thomas Smart wohl nur Musiker werden. George Smart (? â London ca. 1805) war Kontrabassist und Musikverleger. Dessen Ă€ltester Sohn George â spĂ€ter Sir George â Thomas Smart (London 1776 â ebd. 1867) trat als SĂ€nger, Tastenvirtuose sowie nicht zuletzt als Dirigent und Impresario hervor und war eine zentrale Figur des Londoner Musiklebens. Freund Haydns (den er in London kennenlernte) wie Beethovens, brachte George Thomas Smart Beethovens 9. Sinfonie 1825 zu ihrer britischen UrauffĂŒhrung, und besuchte den Komponisten im selben Jahr in Wien. Im folgenden Jahr logierte auf einer Konzertreise nach London Carl Maria von Weber im Hause Smart â und starb dort, von seiner KonzerttĂ€tigkeit ĂŒberanstrengt, an Tuberkulose, deren Fortschreiten er ignoriert hatte. Ab 1822 war George Thomas auch einer der Organisten der Chapel Royal. Der Orgel deutschen Typs, wie sie sich in der Folge in England durchzusetzen begann (man sprach damals vom âGerman systemâ des Orgelbaus), stand er freilich wohl zeitlebens distanziert gegenĂŒber: aufgefordert, im Rahmen der Londoner Weltausstellung 1851 auf einer dort gezeigten Orgel mit Pedal zu spielen, gab er indigniert zur Antwort, er habe noch nie im Leben auf einem âBratrostâ musiziert.
Henry Smart, jĂŒngerer Bruder von George Thomas, war als Geiger Konzertmeister verschiedener Londoner Orchester, versuchte sich ab 1821 als Klavierfabrikant, starb aber bereits 1823 im Alter von nur 45 Jahren am Typhus. Sein Sohn Henry Thomas war damals 10. Auf Betreiben der Familie der Mutter wurde er widerwillig Rechtsanwalt, entschied sich dann aber doch fĂŒr die Laufbahn als Organist; kurioserweise war er musikalisch weitestgehend Autodidakt. Auch an der technischen Seite des Orgelbaus interessiert, sog er im Gegensatz zu seinem Onkel Neuerungen begierig auf. 1852 machte er sich in Paris mit den Instrumenten der Firma CavaillĂ©-Coll vertraut. Dies fand seinen Niederschlag erstmals in der wenig spĂ€ter von der Londoner Firma Gray & Davison fĂŒr einen Konzertsaal in Glasgow (die City Halls) erbauten Orgel, die Smart zumindest mitentwarf und die erstmals in GroĂbritannien Neuerungen wie die ĂŒberblasende FlĂ»te harmonique oder Sub- und Superoktavkoppeln aufwies. Die Zusammenarbeit mit Gray & Davison setzte sich fort, so in der riesigen, von Smart konzipierten Orgel des neuen Rathauses von Leeds â 1858 von Königin Victoria und Smart an der Orgel eröffnet â und einer weiteren fĂŒr einen Konzertsaal in Birmingham. Als dieser bald darauf schlieĂen muĂte, gelang es der St Pancras New Church in London, das Instrument dort 1864 gĂŒnstig anzukaufen, wobei Smart fĂŒr die Umsetzung und anscheinend auch gewisse Umbauten daran verantwortlich war.
Zugleich wurde Smart an dieser Kirche Organist â obwohl die SehschwĂ€che, mit der er seit seiner Jugend zu kĂ€mpfen hatte, gerade damals zu seiner völligen Erblindung fĂŒhrte. Seinem Ruf als Organist tat das keinen Abbruch; so war die Kirche mit etwa 2000 Gottesdienst-Besuchern an Sonntagen offenbar regelmĂ€Ăig am Rande ihrer KapazitĂ€t. Smart diktierte fortan sein Schaffen als Komponist seiner Tochter Ellen (sie war mit dem Bruder des Violinvirtuosen Joseph Joachim verheiratet). Smart schrieb Chorwerke, eine Oper, nicht zuletzt natĂŒrlich Orgelwerke. Etliche erschienen im Organistâs Quarterly Journal & Review, einer Zeitschrift, die der US-amerikanische Organist und Komponist Eugene Thayer in Boston herausgab. Das hier zu hörende StĂŒck scheint sich betrĂ€chtlicher Beliebtheit erfreut zu haben. Die bei archive.org verfĂŒgbare Biographie Smarts von William Spark (Organist des Rathauses in Leeds 1860-97) hat einen Anhang, der auf nicht weniger als zwölf eng bedruckten Seiten die Gedenkgottesdienste auffĂŒhrt, die der Tod des Komponisten 1879 in England und Wales nach sich zog, mit Angabe der dabei gespielten Kompositionen des Verstorbenen. Das âEvening Prayer in Aâ erscheint siebzehn Mal.
Ein weiterer Anhang mit der Liste der Werke Smarts umfaĂt dreiundzwanzig Seiten. Das meiste davon ist wohl seit langem nicht mehr zur AuffĂŒhrung gelangt. Man kann allerdings davon ausgehen, daĂ jeder, der nur eine gewisse Vertrautheit mit dem anglikanischen oder sogar im weiteren Sinne dem englischsprachigen Kirchenwesen hat, Smart kennt, oft wohl ohne es zu wissen. Denn Smart ist auch Autor einer jener Handvoll anglikanischer Super-Melodien, Choralmelodien (zu verschiedenen Texten gesungen), die, gewiĂ meist ohne den Komponisten nennen zu können, jeder kennt, nĂ€mlich Regent Square. (Hier in einer Aufnahme aus dem noch matt schlagenden Herzen des britischen Establishments, mit einem âDescantâ der eher irritierenden Sorte ĂŒber der letzten Strophe.)
Being descended from whom he was Henry Thomas Smart probably could not help becoming a musician. George Smart (? â London c.1805) was a double-bass player and music publisher. His eldest son George â later Sir George â Thomas Smart (London 1776 â London 1867), a singer and virtuoso keyboard player as well as a conductor and impresario, was a key figure of the London musical scene. A friend of Haydn (whom he met in London) and Beethoven, George Thomas Smart in 1825 conducted the British premiere of Beethovenâs Ninth Symphony before travelling to Vienna to meet the composer later in the same year. In 1826 Carl Maria von Weber stayed with George Thomas and indeed died in his house, exhausted by tuberculosis (whose worsening he ignored) and a gruelling schedule of performances. From 1822 George Thomas was also one of the organists of the Chapel Royal. It was during his tenure that British organ builders started to adopt what was called the âGerman systemâ, which essentially meant pedals. Sir George would have none of that. Asked, at the Great Exhibition of 1851, to play an organ with pedals, he replied: âMy dear Sir, I never in my life played upon a gridironâ.
Henry Smart, younger brother of George Thomas, was a violinist and leader of various London orchestras. In 1821 he opened a piano factory, but already in 1823, aged only 45, he died of typhoid fever. His son Henry Thomas was then ten years old. At the insistence of his motherâs family he trained as a solicitor but then decided he wanted to be an organist after all; curiously he never received any formal musical education but was essentially self-taught. Interested also in the technical side of organ building, unlike his uncle he keenly absorbed all the latest developments in that field. A trip to Paris in 1852 afforded him the opportunity to acquaint himself with the work of Aristide CavaillĂ©-Coll. This was reflected soon after in the large organ that the London firm of Gray & Davison built for the Glasgow City Halls and whose design was due at least partly to Smart; for the first time in Britain this instrument featured novelties like the overblowing FlĂ»te harmonique or suboctave and superoctave couplers. The cooperation with Gray & Davison continued with the huge new organ for Leeds town hall, conceived by Smart and first played by him when Queen Victoria opened the building in 1858, and another for a concert hall in Birmingham. When that venue closed some years later the trustees of St Pancras New Church in London managed to acquire the latter instrument cheaply. Smart was in charge of its relocation, which appears to have involved some modifications.
At more or less the same time Smart also became organist of this church â even though the problems with his eyesight that had troubled him since his youth finally led to his going blind at this very time too. This did not harm his reputation as an organist. It seems that Sunday services that he played were regularly attended by some 2,000 people, filling the church to capacity. Henceforth Smart dictated his output as a composer to his daughter Ellen (married to the brother of violin virtuoso Joseph Joachim). Smart wrote choral works, even an opera, and of course works for the organ. He appears to have been a regular contributor to the Organistâs Quarterly Journal & Review, a periodical edited by US organist and composer Eugene Thayer in Boston. Clearly the piece heard here was quite popular. The biography of Smart published by his friend William Spark (city organist in Leeds 1860-1897; the book is available online at archive.org) has an appendix listing, on no fewer than twelve pages, the memorial services that following the death of the composer in 1879 were held throughout England (no Scottish places are mentioned), with the works performed on these occasions. The âEvening Prayer in Aâ is featured seventeen times.
A further appendix of twenty-three pages contains the list of works composed by Smart. Most of them probably have not been performed for a long time. But it is likely that anyone who has had some exposure to Anglicanism or even other English-language churches knows Smart, presumably often unwittingly. For Smart is also the author of one the handful of Anglican super-tunes, hymn tunes (often used for more than one hymn) that everyone recognises immediately. This is Regent Square (heard here in a recording from the very heart, still beating languidly, of the British establishment, with a descant of the somewhat irritating kind overlaying the last stanza).
G.A. Sorge (1709-78): Heut triumphieret Gottes Sohn
English below | Die eingespielte Choralbearbeitung ist mit anderen desselben Komponisten ĂŒberliefert in der im Video abgebildeten Handschrift, heute neben einer weiteren desselben Schreibers, Johann Michael Streidt, in der SĂ€chsischen Landesbibliothek in Dresden. In der anderen Handschrift (mit Werken fĂŒr Tasteninstrument verschiedener Komponisten) findet sich die Ortsangabe Volkmannsdorf. Zwar gibt es diesen Ortsnamen in Deutschland mehrfach, doch kann man davon ausgehen, daĂ wir es mit dem Dorf rund 20km nördlich von Lobenstein zu tun haben; in Lobenstein war G.A. Sorge zeitlebens Organist. Die Handschrift mit den Sorgeâschen Choralvorspielen ist 1793 datiert; in dem fraglichen Volkmannsdorf heiratete 1804 ein Johann Michael Streidt die 1776 geborene Dorothea PurfĂŒrst. Die Namensgleichheit in Verbindung mit der ungewöhnlichen Schreibweise des Nachnamens macht es wahrscheinlich, daĂ der BrĂ€utigam identisch mit dem Schreiber der beiden Handschriften ist. Dieses Volkmannsdorf ist in keiner Weise bedeutend, die Kirche, in jetziger Form 1775 erbaut, klein und schlicht â einmal mehr ein Hinweis darauf, wie verblĂŒffend hochstehend die Musikkultur im damaligen ThĂŒringen selbst auf dem platten Land war. Man denkt an Johann Peter Kellner im ebenfalls dörflichen GrĂ€fenroda; auch Lobenstein â Residenz einer Linie des Hauses ReuĂ, in deren Diensten Sorge als âhochgrĂ€flicher Hof- und Stadt-Organistâ stand â war eher ein groĂes Dorf. Konnte J.M. Streidt die Choraltrios âmit 2 Claviren und obligatem Pedalâ in der Volkmannsdorfer Kirche spielen? Die jetzt dort vorhandene Orgel hat wirklich zwei Manuale und Pedal, stammt aber von 1903. Es wĂ€re interessant, zu ermitteln, was in den Kirchen der Umgebung damals an Orgeln vorhanden war, wĂŒrde hier aber zu weit fĂŒhren. Sorge selbst verfĂŒgte in Lobenstein ĂŒber ein von ihm konzipiertes Instrument, das fĂŒr die durchaus bescheiden dimensionierte âHof- und Stadtkirche St. Michaelisâ riesig war (35 / iii+P, Disposition sowie Bilder der Kirche in diesem Video und diesem). Der von Sorge verantwortete Orgelneubau war dem Stadtbrand von 1732 geschuldet. Dem nĂ€chsten Brand von 1862 fiel wiederum das Instrument von 1740 zum Opfer; das noch vorhandene Nachfolgeinstrument der GebrĂŒder Peternell fiel kleiner aus (31 / ii+P). â Das eingespielte Choralvorspiel hat einen interessanten Aufbau. In den Strophen des Liedtextes folgt auf die ersten zwei Zeilen der Ruf âHalleluja! Halleluja!â, dann nach weiteren zwei Textzeilen ein erneuter doppelter Halleluja-Ruf. In der Choralmelodie von Gesius unterscheidet sich der Halleluja-Ruf am StrophenschluĂ von jenem in der Stophenmitte. Sorge hingegen verwendet im Cantus firmus seiner Choralbearbeitung den Halleluja-Ruf in der Strophenmitte zweimal (wiederholt ihn nach dem zweiten Teil der Melodie, bevor er das StĂŒck in einer SchluĂformel auslaufen lĂ€Ăt) und verwendet ihn also gleichsam als Ritornell. Dieses Werk und weitere von Sorge aus dieser und anderen Quellen finden sich neu gesetzt hier.
Along with others by the same composer the chorale prelude recorded here has come down to us in the manuscript shown in the video. Together with a second manuscript of keyboard works by various composers, written by the same person, Johann Michael Streidt, it is now in the Saxon State Library in Dresden. The other manuscript gives a placename: Volkmannsdorf. This occurs more than once in Germany, yet it can be assumed that it here refers to the village some 20km north of Lobenstein. It was at Lobenstein that G.A. Sorge was organist for the greater part of his life. The manuscript with the organ chorales by Sorge is dated 1793; in 1803 one Johann Michael Streidt married Dorothea PurfĂŒrst, born in 1776, at the Volkmannsdorf in question. It seems likely that this was the same person as our copyist, especially as the spelling âStreidtâ is somewhat peculiar (âStreitâ is what you would expect). This village of Volkmannsdorf is altogether unremarkable, its church, which in its present shape dates from 1775, small and plain â another reminder of how incredibly developed musical culture was in 18th-c. Thuringia even in the countryside. Think of Johann Peter Kellner at GrĂ€fenroda, also a mere village; indeed even Lobenstein, residence of a branch of the Reuss dynasty, in whose service Sorge was, resembled a large village more than a proper town. Could J.M. Streidt really play these organ chorales âfor two manuals with obbligato pedalsâ in the village church at Volkmannsdorf? The present organ in the little church does have two manuals and pedals, but only dates from 1903. It would be interesting to find out what instruments were availabe in the area at the time, but I must leave that question unanswered for now. At Lobenstein Sorge played an organ designed by himself that was no doubt rather oversized for the modest dimensions of the âcourt and parish church of St Michaelâ (35 / iii+P; you will find the stoplist as well as pictures of the church in this video and in this one). Sorge got to have a new organ built for himself as a result of the fire that devastated town and church in 1732; in turn the next fire, in 1862, destroyed the instrument he created. Its extant replacement, by the Peternell brothers, is smaller (31 / ii+P). â The chorale prelude recorded here is put together in an interesting manner. In the stanzas of the hymn two lines of text are followed by âAlleluia! Alleluia!â; then, after another two lines of text, the double âAlleluiaâ is repeated. In Gesiusâs hymn tune the double Alleluia at the end of the stanza is different from that in the middle. By contrast, for the cantus firmus of his arrangement Sorge reuses the double Alleluia in the middle after the second part of the tune before bringing the piece to an end with a concluding formula, thus using the Alleluia as a sort of ritornello. A new edition of this work, with others by Sorge from the same manuscript as well as other sources, can be found at this site.
G.A. Sorge (1703-78): 3 OrgelchorÀle aus der Neumeister-Sammlung (Zöblitz)
- Freu dich sehr o meine Seele â 2. Vater unser im Himmelreich @1:57 â 3. In allen meinen Taten @3:17
(English below) Die Neumeister-Sammlung ist ein von Johann Gottfried Neumeister (1757-1840) erstelltes, heute an der Yale-UniversitĂ€t aufbewahrtes Manuskript mit 82 Orgel-ChorĂ€len, knapp die HĂ€lfte davon von J.S. Bach. Aufsehen erregte die Sammlung, als man 1984 feststellte, daĂ sie etliche Bach-Werke enthĂ€lt, die bislang entweder nicht in dieser Fassung oder gar nicht bekannt waren. Die Sammlung enthĂ€lt auch acht ChorĂ€le von G.A. Sorge â dieser, selbst bekennender Bewunderer von JSB, hatte Neumeister auf der Orgel unterrichtet. Die acht Sorge-ChorĂ€le sind die einzigen der Sammlung, die auch in einer zeitgenössischen gedruckten Fassung vorliegen: Erster Theil der VORSPIELE vor bekannten Choral-GesĂ€ngen in 3stimmiger reiner Harmonie gesetzt, welche so wohl auf der Orgel als auch auf dem Clavier zur Ăbung nĂŒtzlich können gebraucht werden. Gesetzt von Georg Andreas Sorgen, GrĂ€flich ReuĂ-Plauischen Hof und Stadt-Organisten zu Lobenstein wie auch der Societaet der musicalischen Wissenschafften Mitgliede (NĂŒrnberg [1750]). (Soweit ich feststellen kann, ist ein âZweiter Theilâ nie erschienen.) Die Ausgabe, nach der die hier zu hörenden drei ChorĂ€le eingespielt wurden, beruht auf dem Neumeister-Manuskript; ob und wie sie von der 1750 gedruckten Fassung abweicht, weiĂ ich nicht. Wie auch der Drucktitel andeutet, sind die StĂŒcke ausdrĂŒcklich fĂŒr die Verwendung auf der Orgel, aber nicht nur der Orgel gedacht: unter âClavierâ ist ein Cembalo zu verstehen. Sie lassen sich ohne Pedal und auf einem einzigen Manual spielen.
Weitere von mir eingespielte Choralbearbeitungen von Sorge finden sich hier. Darunter insbesondere eine weitere Bearbeitung von Vater unser im Himmelreich, diesmal als Choraltrio âa 2 claviere e pedaleâ.
AuĂerdem arbeite ich an einer Gesamtaufnahme von Sorges Orgeltrios.
The Neumeister collection, now kept at Yale University, is a manuscript collection of 82 organ chorales â just under half of them by J.S. Bach â compiled by Johann Gottfried Neumeister (1757-1840). It became famous when, in 1984, it was discovered that it contains a number of works by Bach that had either not been known in this version or not at all. The collection also includes eight chorales by G.A. Sorge, himself an outspoken admirer of JSB and who had taught Neumeister on the organ. The eight chorales by Sorge are the only ones in the collection of which there exists a contemporary printed version: Preludes to well-known chorales set in pure three-part harmony, which may be employed as useful exercises either on the organ or the harpsichord. By Georg Andreas Sorge, Court and Town Organist of His Excellency the Count of Reuss-Plauen at Lobenstein and member of the Society of Musical Sciences. Volume the First (NĂŒrnberg [1750]). (As far as I can determine no further volume was published.) The recordings heard here are played from an edition based on the Neumeister manuscript; I do not know if or how that differs from the printed edition of 1750. As the title of the latter indicates, these pieces are expressly meant to be playable both on the organ and on the harpsichord. They can be played on a single manual and lack a pedal part.
I have also recorded other chorale preludes by Sorge. These include another arrangement by Sorge of the hymn Vater Unser im Himmelreich, this time as a trio âa 2 claviere e pedaleâ.
I am working on a complete recording of Sorgeâs organ trios.
Georg Andreas Sorge (1703-78): Trio C-Dur (III)(Zöblitz)
(English below) Dieses Video habe ich zuerst 2014 hochgeladen, in der Anfangszeit meines Kanals und ohne groĂe Erfahrung im Videoschnitt. Die Neufassung 2019 korrigiert das allzu störende Auseinanderklaffen von Video- und Audiospur, ist aber sonst unverĂ€ndert.
G.A. Sorge war den lĂ€ngsten Teil seines Lebens grĂ€flich ReuĂ-Plauischer âHof- und Stadt-Organist zu Lobenstein im Vogtlandeâ. Seine Trios fĂŒr Orgel finden sich in einem (autographen?) Manuskript aus der Sammlung des belgischen Komponisten und Musikhistorikers François-Joseph FĂ©tis (1784-1871), die nach dessen Tod an die BibliothĂšque Royale in BrĂŒssel ĂŒberging. In seiner âBiographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie gĂ©nĂ©rale de la musiqueâ (2. Aufl., Paris 1860â1868, Bd. 8) spricht FĂ©tis von zwölf handschriftlich ĂŒberlieferten Trios (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6âŠ). Die Ausgabe von Ewald Kooiman enthĂ€lt nur elf (eines ohne die SchluĂtakte); leider lĂ€Ăt ihr Ă€uĂerst dĂŒrftiges Vorwort mehr Fragen offen, als es beantwortet. Die vielfach anzutreffende ZĂ€hlung der Trios ist offenbar die der Kooiman-Ausgabe. Die mir vorliegende Auflage enthĂ€lt verwirrenderweise eine neue und eine alte ZĂ€hlung (letztere sei im Interesse besserer Wendestellen geĂ€ndert worden). Da die ZĂ€hlung weder auf Sorge zurĂŒckgeht noch auf eine Ausgabe, die wissenschaftlich-kritischen Anforderungen genĂŒgen kann, habe ich auf sie verzichtet. Trios in derselben Tonart sind vielmehr mit römischen Ziffern gekennzeichnet, aber nur, um deutlich zu machen, daĂ es sich um unterschiedliche StĂŒcke handelt.
Ich habe vor, nach und nach alle zehn vollstÀndig erhaltenen Trios hochzuladen. Ebenfalls habe ich von Sorge eine Anzahl Choralbearbeitungen eingespielt.
I originally uploaded this video in 2014, when my Youtube channel was in its infancy and I lacked technical expertise in video editing. This 2019 version corrects an all too obvious asynchronicity between image and audio but is otherwise unchanged.
For most of his life G.A. Sorge was âcourt and town organistâ of the counts of Reuss-Plauen at Lobenstein in Thuringia. His organ trios have come down in an (autograph?) manuscript from the collection of the Belgian composer and music historian François-Joseph FĂ©tis (1784-1871), which after his death passed to the BibliothĂšque Royale in Brussels. In his âBiographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie gĂ©nĂ©rale de la musiqueâ (2nd ed., Paris 1860â1868, vol. 8) FĂ©tis speaks of twelve trios preserved in manuscript (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6âŠ), but the edition by Ewald Kooiman only contains eleven (one missing the final bars). Unfortunately, the meager little preface to that edition raises more questions than it answers. The numbering of the trios that is sometimes used was apparently introduced by Kooiman. My copy of his edition in fact contains a new numbering and an older one, with a note that the numbering was changed in the interest of more convenient page turns. Since the numbering neither goes back to Sorge himself nor comes from an edition that meets scientific criteria I have not used it. Trios in the same key are distinguished by Roman numerals, but merely to indicate that they are different pieces.
I plan in time to upload all ten complete trios by Sorge. I have also recorded a number of chorale preludes by Sorge.
Georg Andreas Sorge (1703-78): PrĂ€ludium e-moll (Clavier Ăbung No. iv)
(English below) Der junge Lobensteiner âHof- und Stadtorganistâ Georg Andreas Sorge veröffentlichte seine Clavier Ubung (im Originaldruck tatsĂ€chlich U statt Ă) aus â24 melodieusen ⊠Praeludiisâ in allen Tonarten in vier Teilen in den Jahren 1739-42. Verleger war âBalthasar Schmidt, Organist und Kupferstecher in NĂŒrnbergâ. Die PrĂ€ludien seien âso wohl auf der Orgel, als auch auf dem Clavicymbel [Cembalo] u. Clavicordio mit VergnĂŒgenâ zu Gehör zu bringen. Wie in allen gedruckten Sammlungen des Komponisten kommen die StĂŒcke ohne Pedal aus, um den Kreis der potenziellen KĂ€ufer (sowie sicher gerade auch KĂ€uferinnen) möglichst weit zu halten, dennoch wird die Orgel als intendiertes Instrument an erster Stelle genannt. Johann Mattheson in seiner 1740 in Hamburg veröffentlichten Grundlage einer Ehren-Pforte (ein Musikerlexikon) gibt am Ende des Eintrags zu Sorge (S. 338) den vollen Titel der Sammlung, von der offenbar erst eines der vier Hefte erschienen war. Damit machte Mattheson Reklame fĂŒr das Werk, ja er merkt an: âFeine Arbeit sowohl abseiten des Verfassers, als Verlegers!â Letzteres bezieht sich wohl auf den âsaubern Kupferstichâ, den Mattheson auch bei den 1738 erschienenen, von ihm ebenfalls lobend erwĂ€hnten 6 Sonaten hervorhebt (vgl. dazu meine Einspielung der Sonate B-Dur). â Die Clavier Ăbung auf diesem Kanal: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJQG183QhFpDkKWIkRESuE1DpyBVaiWHq
The young Georg Andreas Sorge, âcourt and town organist at Lobensteinâ, published the four instalments of his Clavier Ubung (Keyboard Exercise; the original printing really has U rather than Ă) of â24 melodious ⊠preludesâ in all the keys between 1739 and 1742. The publisher was âBalthasar Schmidt, organist and engraver at NĂŒrnbergâ. Sorge states that the preludes could be performed âboth on the organ, and on the harpsichord or clavichordâ. As with all the keyboard works that Sorge had printed there is no pedal part â a fact explained no doubt by a desire to reach as many potential customers as possible; nevertheless the organ is named first among the instruments for which the pieces are intended. Johann Mattheson in his biographical dictionary of musicians (Grundlage einer Ehren-Pforte, Hamburg 1740) cites the lengthy title of the Clavier Ubung in full at the end of the entry on Sorge, even though clearly only the first of the four instalments had appeared (p. 338). Mattheson thus advertised the collection, and indeed remarks âFine work, both on the part of the composer and of the publisher!â The latter is presumably a recognition of the neatness of the engraving which Mattheson specifically mentions with respect to the 6 Sonatas published in 1738, a collection that he likewise commends (see my recording of the sonata in B Flat major). â The Clavier Ăbung on this channel: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJQG183QhFpDkKWIkRESuE1DpyBVaiWHq
Georg Andreas Sorge (1703-78): PrĂ€ludium E-Dur (Clavier Ăbung No. x)
(English below) Georg Andreas Sorge ĂŒberrascht mit den PrĂ€ludien seiner âClavier Ăbungâ immer wieder: die Vielseitigkeit seiner musikalischen EinfĂ€lle und Möglichkeiten ist bemerkenswert. Auch das hier eingespielte StĂŒck verblĂŒfft: wĂŒĂte ich den Komponisten nicht, ich wĂ€re sicher, das kann nur aus England kommen. Dieser heroische Gestus mit seinen wirkungsvoll anspruchslosen Harmonien, stolz gereckt mit charakteristisch melancholischem Unterton ist vollkommen typisch fĂŒr eine Art Musik, fĂŒr die ich barocke Beispiele ansonsten nur aus England kenne.
Dort findet sich im 18. Jh. eine Neigung zu patriotischen Hymnen, deren bekanntestes Beispiel natĂŒrlich das anonyme God Save the King ist, gedruckt zuerst nachweisbar 1744. Aus dem Jahr 1740 stammt Rule Britannia von Thomas Augustine Arne, das also nicht nur praktisch gleichzeitig mit dem hier eingespielten StĂŒck erschien, sondern in der originalen Fassung fĂŒr Solostimmen, Chor und Orchester eine gewisse, durchaus deutliche Verwandtschaft damit zeigt. Bald war dieser heroische Modus in England so eingebĂŒrgert, daĂ er karikiert werden konnte. Wohl etwa 1773 gab sich ein Londoner Musikerclub, der sich nach dem Dichter Anakreon nannte (dessen Hauptthemen waren Wein, Liebe und Geselligkeit), eine eigene Hymne in Form eines Trinklieds (!). Der vielstrophige Anacreontic Song endet mit den Zeilen âWhile thus we agree, our toast let it be: | May our club flourish happy, united, and free! | And long may the sons of Anacreon entwine | The myrtle of Venus with Bacchusâs vine!â Der Text nimmt die wunderbare, erhabene Melodie von Clubmitglied John Stafford Smith sanft auf die Schippe. Man brauchte ihn freilich nur durch einen anderen, martialischen Text (âThe Defence of Fort MâHenryâ, 1814) zu ersetzen, und fertig war die Nationalhymne eines anderen Landes (SchluĂ der ersten Strophe, analog zum eben zitierten: âAnd the rocketâs red glare, the bombs bursting in air, | Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there; | O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave | Oâer the land of the free and the home of the brave?â).
Desselben Modus bedienen sich so bekannte sĂ€kulare britische Hymnen wie Land of Hope and Glory (Edward Elgar 1901), Jerusalem (Hubert Parry 1916) und I Vow To Thee My Country (Gustav Holst 1921). Er findet sich aber ebenso im anglikanischen Kirchenlied â schon bei William Croft 1708 mit âSt Anneâ und immer wieder im 19. Jh., etwa, um nur eines zu nennen, 1866 mit âRegent Squareâ von Henry Thomas Smart.
Umgekehrt findet sich dieser Modus nicht auf dem europĂ€ischen Kontinent â zumindest nicht vor dem 19. Jh., als Kenntnis englischer Vorbilder vorausgesetzt werden muĂ: so wurde die Melodie von God Save the King 1795 auch zur preuĂischen Hymne (Heil dir im Siegerkranz), und Beethoven komponierte 1803 Variationen sowohl zu dieser Melodie als auch zu Rule Britannia (WoO 78 u. 79). Andersartig die aggressiv auftrumpfende Marseillaise von 1792 (Urheberschaft der Melodie unklar): hier fehlt gerade der nobel-melancholische Unterton, der die emotionale Wirksamkeit der Melodie erhöhen wĂŒrde. Feierlich, doch eher lieblich denn heroisch das Kaiserlied von Joseph Haydn von 1797 (wiederverwertet fĂŒr das âDeutschlandliedâ) â und das, obwohl Haydn die Melodie just unter dem Eindruck seiner Englandreisen und der englischen Gepflogenheit komponierte, bei Konzerten âGod Save the Kingâ zu singen und der Textdichter Leopold Haschka den englischen Text zum Vorbild nahm (âGott erhalte Franz den Kaiserâ). Die Melodie lĂ€Ăt sich blechblĂ€serisch aufmotzen und funktioniert doch fast besser in des Komponisten eigener Version fĂŒr Streichquartett. (Kann kann man sich umgekehrt God Save the King als Streichquartett vorstellen?) Erst recht findet sich, wenn ich nicht sehr irre, fĂŒr diesen heroischen Modus keinerlei Vorbild in der deutschen oder selbst kontinentalen Musik des Barock, nicht im weltlichen Bereich und nicht in der Sorge urvertrauten evangelischen Kirchenmusik. So bleibt mir rĂ€tselhaft, wo Sorge das hergehabt haben kann!
The preludes of Georg Andreas Sorgeâs âClavier Ăbungâ display the wide range of his musical inventiveness and are full of surprises. So it is with the piece recorded here: if I did not know the composer I would be certain that this music must be English. This heroic mode with its simple and effective harmonies, proud but with a characteristic wistful undertow, is entirely typical of a musical style of which otherwise I know Baroque instances only from England.
There, in the 18th c., we find a penchant for patriotic anthems of which the most famous is of course the anonymous God Save the King, first found in print in 1744. Already in 1740 Thomas Augustine Arne wrote Rule Britannia â which is thus not only exactly contemporary with the piece recorded here: the original version for solo voices, choir and orchestra in fact shows a certain resemblance with Sorgeâs piece, remote perhaps but also distinct. In the latter part of the century this heroic mode was so well established in England that it could be satirised. Probably around 1773 a London musicianâs club, the Anacreontic Society (named after the Greek poet Anacreon, whose main themes were drink, love and companionship), created its own anthem in the form of a drinking song (!), the last stanza ending âWhile thus we agree, our toast let it be: | May our club flourish happy, united, and free! | And long may the sons of Anacreon entwine | The myrtle of Venus with Bacchusâs vineâ. The magnificent, august tune (by club member John Stafford Smith) is gently mocked by the lyrics. But it was enough to replace it with different, more martial lyrics (âThe Defence of Fort MâHenryâ, 1814) to turn it into the national song of another country (corresponding lines of the first stanza: âAnd the rocketâs red glare, the bombs bursting in air, | Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there; | O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave | Oâer the land of the free and the home of the brave?â).
Well-known British patriotic songs are in a similar vein: Land of Hope and Glory (Edward Elgar 1901), Jerusalem (Hubert Parry 1916), I Vow To Thee My Country (Gustav Holst 1921). But it is also found in Anglican hymns â William Croftâs St Anne of 1708 is an early example, and there are many from the 19th c., such as, to name only one, Regent Square by Henry Thomas Smart of 1866.
By contrast this mode is not found on the European continent â at least not before the 19th c., when it may be assumed that it imitated English archetypes that had become well known: thus the tune of God Save the King was adopted as the Prussian anthem (Heil dir im Siegerkranz) in 1795, and Beethoven in 1803 wrote variations both on this tune and on Rule Britannia (WoO 78 & 79). That English heroic mode is not present in the triumphantly aggressive Marseillaise of 1792 (the authorship of the tune is debated), which lacks the noble wistfulness that would enhance its emotional impact. It is not present either in Joseph Haydnâs imperial anthem of 1797 (repurposed as the national anthem of Germany) â despite the fact that it was written under the impact of Haydnâs travels to England, where he was impressed by the habit of singing God Save the King at concerts, and despite the fact that the lyrics by Leopold Haschka are directly inspired by the English anthem (Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser â in Charles Burneyâs translation: God preserve the Empâror Francis | Sovâreign ever good and great; | Save, o save him from mischances | In Prosperity and State! | May his Laurels ever blooming | Be by Patriot Virtue fed; | May his worth the world illumine | And bring back the Sheep misled! | God preserve etc.). This tune, solemn enough but mellow rather than heroic, tolerates being pimped up by military brass, yet one cannot help feeling it is more at home in the composerâs own version for string quartet. (Inversely, can you imagine God Save the King as a string quartet?) Least of all, if I am not very much mistaken, is there any precedent for this mode in continental Baroque music: not in secular music, nor in the music of the German Lutheran church with which Sorge was so familiar. I am thus at a loss to explain where Sorge could have got this from!
Friedrich Wilhelm Stade (1817-1902): Andante in F
Stade beinahe idyllisch. OberflĂ€chlich klingt das StĂŒck wie aus dem Biedermeier (Beispiel von 1795), doch die Harmonien sind (typisch fĂŒr Stade) ganz „falsch“, verquer: nie hĂ€tte sie ein Komponist der damaligen Zeit benutzt. (Indes: ein wenig, oder sogar mehr als ein wenig erinnert mich dieses StĂŒck an Samuel Wesley, speziell die ersten drei der Twelve Short Pieces von 1816). Der Reiz beruht nicht zuletzt auf der harmonischen Verfremdung. Stade at his most idyllic.
Superficially this piece sounds like something that might have been written around the turn of the nineteenth century (such as this, of 1795). But (typically for Stade) the harmonies are „all wrong“. They would never have been used by a composer of that earlier period. (Although… I cannot help feeling reminded by this piece of Samuel Wesley, more specifically the first three of the Twelve Short Pieces of 1816). The attraction results not least from this presentation of something seemingly familiar in a harmonically unfamiliar way.
Friedrich Wilhelm Stade (1817-1902): Andante pastorale
(English below) F.W. Stade — Rufname Wilhelm — wurde als Sohn eines Kaufmanns in Neumarkt bei Halle geboren (im Jahr seiner Geburt nach Halle eingemeindet). Ausgebildet bei dem Dessauer Hofkapellmeister und Organisten Friedrich Schneider, wurde er 18jĂ€hrig zunĂ€chst Musikdirektor der Stadt Schönebeck an der Elbe, heuerte aber bald bei der Bethmannschen Theatertruppe an, die wechselweise in den Residenzen und gröĂeren StĂ€dten der Region gastierte. Stade oblag die Leitung der zahlreichen OpernauffĂŒhrungen.
1838 (nicht 1845 wie im Video angegeben) bewarb Stade sich erfolgreich auf die Stelle als Musikdirektor der UniversitĂ€t Jena. Er machte sich dort als Chorleiter, Dirigent und Komponist, als Klavier- und Orgelvirtuose einen Namen, arbeitete mit Franz Liszt, Hofkapellmeister im nahen Weimar, zusammen. Die Stelle war allerdings schlecht dotiert, Stade mit seiner wachsenden Familie dauerhaft in Finanznöten. Wiederholten Eingaben, sein Gehalt zu erhöhen, wurde nicht entsprochen. Zum 1.1.1853 ĂŒbernahm Stade zusĂ€tzlich die Stelle des Organisten der Jenaer Stadtkirche; die Geldsorgen blieben. Der Neubau der Orgel der Stadtkirche durch die Gebr. Peternell erfolgte unmittelbar darauf unter seiner Ăgide (nicht erhalten).
1859 starb der Organist der SchloĂkirche Altenburg. FĂŒr die Stelle gab es vierzehn Bewerber. Stade war nicht darunter, doch ihm wurde sie angeboten. Das in Aussicht gestellte Gehalt war groĂzĂŒgiger als seine bisherigen BezĂŒge, das Musikleben in Altenburg aber nicht mit dem in Jena zu vergleichen. Dort beschwor man ihn, zu bleiben, bot nun auch bessere Bezahlung. Doch sagte er in Altenburg zu (1860). Jena verlieh ihm zum Abschied den Ehrendoktor. Seine Nachfolge dort trat Ernst Naumann an, einer der Bewerber fĂŒr die Stelle in Altenburg.
Stade machte sich nun daran, das Altenburger Musikleben zu reformieren, so durch die GrĂŒndung einer Singakademie. 1863 wurde er zum Hofkapellmeister ernannt (zusĂ€tzlich zu seiner TĂ€tigkeit als Hoforganist), zugleich sein Gehalt erhöht — wie spĂ€ter noch öfters, wenngleich Stade sich deswegen wiederum zu Eingaben genötigt sah. (Lange auf der Tasche lag Stade wohl sein Ă€ltester Sohn, der als Student am Leipziger Konservatorium wenig Disziplin bewies und erst nach 10 Jahren 1869 mĂŒhsam seinen AbschluĂ machte. Er fand dann Anstellung als Organist in Danzig.)
Seit 1867 Witwer, verheiratete sich Stade 1869 wiederum. Wie ihre VorgÀngerin, die Stade bei Bethmann kennengelernt hatte, war die neue Ehefrau SÀngerin. Mit gerade einmal einunzwanzig starb sie aber bereits im folgenden Jahr im Kindbett, rasch gefolgt von dem gemeinsamen Kind.
1871 wurde in Altenburg ein prĂ€chtiges neues Theater eröffnet; hier dirigierte Stade, erstmals seit seiner Zeit bei Bethmann, nun Opern. Schon fĂŒr die erste Saison im neuen Haus wurde die SĂ€ngerin Marie Chmelick (1850-1931) engagiert und zum Publikumsliebling. Das blieb sie, bis sie 1873 den Hofkapellmeister ehelichte und damit, wie die beiden vorigen Ehefrauen, zwar als SĂ€ngerin tĂ€tig blieb, aber von der BĂŒhne abtrat. Stade seinerseits war irritiert, daĂ trotz des Mehraufwands seiner TĂ€tigkeit als Operndirigent sein Wunsch nach neuerlich verbesserter Entlohnung abgewiesen wurde (unter Verweis darauf, daĂ die letzte Erhöhung nicht lange zurĂŒcklag).
Gesundheitlich angeschlagen, zog er sich 1874 nach einer AuffĂŒhrung des „TannhĂ€user“ ebenfalls von der BĂŒhne zurĂŒck, um fortan nurmehr als Organist, als Konzert-Dirigent und als Leiter der von ihm 1860 begrĂŒndeten Singakademie tĂ€tig zu sein. In den 1880er Jahren gab Stade die TĂ€tigkeit als Dirigent und Chorleiter nach und nach auf. Diverse Kuraufenthalte brachten nicht den erhofften Nutzen. Die Leitung des Konzerts im Festsaal des Altenburger Schlosses aus AnlaĂ des Besuchs Kaiser Wilhelms II. im Mai 1890 lieĂ Stade sich allerdings nicht nehmen; im Gottesdienst in der SchloĂkirche am folgenden Tag in Gegenwart Wilhelms improvisierte Stade an der Orgel ĂŒber Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott. Kurz darauf reiste er nach Danzig, wo sein Ă€ltester Sohn, Organist der Johanneskirche, an einem „Nervenleiden“ dahinsiechte; er starb Anfang 1891 in der „Provinzial-Irrenanstalt“ Neustadt bei Danzig.
Das PortrĂ€t von Stade zu Beginn des Videos erschien zu seinem 70. Geburtstag auf dem Titelblatt einer ihm gewidmeten vierseitigen „Extra-Beilage der Altenburger Zeitung fĂŒr Stadt und Land“. AusfĂŒhrlich zu Stade jetzt die Biographie von Klaus-JĂŒrgen Kamprad (2022).
The son of a wealthy merchant F.W. Stade — known as Wilhelm to his friends — was born at Neumarkt, a municipality adjacent to the city of Halle, to which it was joined in the year of his birth. Stade received his musical training from Friedrich Schneider, organist and kapellmeister to the Dessau court. At the age of 18 he became director of music of the town of Schönebeck, but soon joined the itinerant theatrical company of Heinrich Levin Bethmann, which toured the towns and princely residences in the wider region around Halle and Erfurt. Stade’s job was to conduct the many operas performed by this company.
In 1838 (not 1845 as stated erroneously in the video) Stade successfully applied to the post of director of music of Jena University, where he achieved renown as a conductor, choir director, pianist, and organist, collaborating on a number of occasions with Franz Liszt, kapellmeister to the court at nearby Weimar. His salary, however, was meagre, and his requests for better pay were routinely ignored. At the beginning of 1853 Stade also became organist of the principal parish church (stadtkirche) at Jena, which increased his income. But, with his family growing, his financial situation remained precarious. Soon after his appointment as organist the organ of the Jena stadtkirche was rebuilt to his specification by the Peternell brothers (the instrument is not extant).
In 1859 the organist of the castle church at Altenburg died. Fourteen candidates applied for the post. Stade was not among them, but was offered the position anyway. He hesitated. The prospect of better pay was tempting. But the musical life at Altenburg could not compare to what he would leave behind at Jena, where he was implored to stay. He was also now offered a better salary. Eventually he opted for Altenburg (1860). As a farewell present Jena University bestowed an honorary doctorate on him. He was succeeded there by Ernst Naumann, one of the applicants for the Altenburg post.
Stade now set about improving the musical life at Altenburg, starting with the foundation of a choral society. In 1863 he was appointed kapellmeister to the Altenburg court, in addition to his duties as organist, and his salary was increased — as it would be on a number of future occasions, even though he found himself falling once more into the habit of petitioning for this. (One drain on his resources must have been his eldest son, enrolled at the Leipzig conservatoire but far from a diligent student; it took him 10 years to obtain his diploma in 1869. He then found employment as an organist in Danzig.)
Widowed in 1867, Stade remarried in 1869. Like her predecessor, whom Stade had met at the Bethmann company, his new wife was a singer. Aged only 21, she died the following year from complications at the birth of her first child, who himself died soon after.
In 1871 a new theatre and opera house was inaugurated at Altenburg, far more magnificent than the previous modest buildings: here Stade now conducted operas, for the first time since leaving Bethmann. For the first season at the new venue the singer Marie Chmelick (1850-1931) was hired. She endeared herself to her audiences as well as to Stade, who married her in 1873. As with the two earlier wives this meant that Marie still performed as a singer but no longer appeared on stage. Stade for his part was irritated that despite the extra work caused by the operas he was not given another pay rise (the argument being that the last one had been rather recent). Moreover, his health was deteriorating. With a performance of TannhÀuser in 1874, Stade therefore bid farewell to the stage, too. He would henceforth limit himself to his duties as organist, as a conductor of orchestral works and as director of the choral society that he had founded in 1860.
In the 1880s he gradually reduced his activities still further. Taking the waters at various spas did not have the hoped-for effect on his shaky health. Nevertheless in May 1890 it was Stade who wielded the baton for the concert at Altenburg Castle in honour of the emperor, Wilhelm II, who was paying an official visit to Duke Ernst of Saxe-Altenburg. At a service in the castle church on the following day, with the emperor present, Stade improvised at the organ on Ein feste Burg. Shortly after he travelled to Danzig, where his eldest son, organist of St John’s Church, lay wasting on account of a „nervous disorder“; having been admitted to a psychiatric institution he died early in 1891.
The portrait of Stade used in the video is taken from a special four-page supplement to the local newspaper, Altenburger Zeitung, published on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. There is now a detailed biography of Stade by Klaus-JĂŒrgen Kamprad, published in 2022.
Friedrich Wilhelm Stade (1817-1902): Canon E-Dur (fĂŒr zwei Claviere und Pedal)
(English below) Orgel der Stiftskirche Königslutter (FurtwĂ€ngler & Hammer 1892)(via Hauptwerk) | Die von Felix Friedrich herausgegebene Gesamtausgabe der Stadeâschen Orgelwerke (Butz-Verlag) nennt als Quelle fĂŒr den âCanonâ die Sammlung Orgelcompositionen zum gottesdienstlichen Gebrauch ⊠von Wilhelm Stade, Kahnt-Verlag, Leipzig. Ein Erscheinungsdatum fehlt, die Widmung an âHerrn Cantor Dr. Wilhelm Rustâ deutet indes auf 1880 oder spĂ€ter, da Rust in diesem Jahr E.F. Richter als Thomaskantor in Leipzig folgte (Rust wurde 1878 schon Organist der Thomaskirche, kann aber in dieser Eigenschaft den Titel âKantorâ nicht gefĂŒhrt haben; ich kann nicht feststellen, daĂ Rust ihn schon in seiner Berliner Zeit trug). Rust starb 1892.
Das von Friedrich benutzte Exemplar der Kahnt-Ausgabe gehörte Stade; von ihm handschriftliche Bleistiftnotiz am Ende des StĂŒcks: â4 Min.â Von anderer Hand ebenfalls mit Bleistift eine Registrieranweisung: âr.H.: II Fl.[öte] 8âČ, Fl. 4âČ; l.H.: I Bo[rdun?] 8âČ, Sp[itz?]f[löte?] 8âČ, G[e]d[ackt?] 4âČ; P: V[iolon] 16âČâ (Punktuation wie in der Vorlage). Die Angaben passen zur Disposition der Trost-Orgel der Altenburger SchloĂkirche sowohl vor wie nach dem Umbau durch Ladegast (auĂer daĂ hier âIâ das Hauptwerk meinen wĂŒrde, âIIâ das Oberwerk, wohingegen Friedrich die Manualverteilung mit I = Oberwerk und II = Hauptwerk angibt). Die gedruckte Registrieranweisung ist einfach âZartâ, sowie in beiden Manualen âpâ (piano).
Dasselbe StĂŒck findet sich â von Friedrich anscheinend unbemerkt â auch in dem 1862 erschienenen Jubel-Album fĂŒr die Orgel. Dem Herrn Dr. Johann Schneider zu seinem 50jĂ€hrigen AmtsjubilĂ€um. (Schneider war Hoforganist in Dresden. Das Album ist verfĂŒgbar bei imslp.com; der âCanonâ auf S. 86.) Als Autor gibt das Jubel-Album âDr. W. Stade, Concertmeister und Hoforganist in Altenburgâ an. Vermutlich handelt es sich bei dieser Ausgabe um die frĂŒhere. Das StĂŒck ist hier auf zwei Systemen gedruckt mit der Anweisung âMit zarten Stimmenâ, Kennzeichnung der Manualzuweisung als âClav. I.â und âClav. II.â und dem Vermerk âDie den Canon imitirende Tenorstimme ist ein wenig stĂ€rker zu registrieren.â
In der bei Friedrich gedruckten Fassung sind beide Teile des StĂŒcks zu wiederholen, wobei der SchluĂ des zweiten als prima volta- und als seconda volta-Version gestaltet ist. Die Ausgabe von 1862 sieht keine Wiederholungen vor. Der Nutzen der Wiederholungen dĂŒrfte vor allem darin bestehen, daĂ sie es ermöglichen, beim Gebrauch im Gottesdienst die Dauer des StĂŒcks nach Bedarf anzupassen. In dieser Einspielung wiederhole ich den zweiten Teil, aber nicht den ersten (besagter zweiter Teil zerfĂ€llt seinerseits in zwei HĂ€lften, deren zweite den ersten Teil weitestgehend wörtlich wiederholt: spielt man beide Wiederholungen, bringt man den ersten Teil also tatsĂ€chlich viermal). RĂ€tselhaft bleibt die Angabe â4 Minutenâ. Wollte man beide Wiederholungen in vier Minuten abspielen, mĂŒĂte das Tempo sehr erheblich schneller sein als das hier gewĂ€hlte â das paĂt aber kaum zum Charakter des StĂŒcks! Meine eigene Aufnahme empfinde ich im Nachhinein als fast schon zu schnell.
Der Kanon ist als solcher zweistimmig, die Oberstimme allerdings ihrerseits dreistimmig gesetzt: die Melodie nÀmlich mit zwei Begleitstimmen unterlegt.
In the complete edition of Stadeâs organ works edited by Felix Friedrich the âCanonâ is reprinted from a collection entitled Orgelcompositionen zum gottesdienstlichen Gebrauch [Organ compositions for use in divine service]⊠von Wilhelm Stade; the publisher was Kahnt in Leipzig. There is no publication date, but the dedication: âHerrn Cantor Dr. Wilhelm Rustâ suggests 1880 or later, since it was in that year that Rust succeeded E.F. Richter as cantor (director of music) of the Thomaskirche in Leipzig (Rust became organist of the Thomaskirche in 1878, but in that capacity would never have been designated as cantor; I cannot find that he had that title during his earlier period in Berlin). Rust died in 1892.
The copy of the Kahnt edition used by Friedrich belonged to Stade, who at the end of the piece made an annotation in pencil: â4 Min.â Another pencil annotation by a different hand gives a registration: âr.H.: II Fl.[öte] 8âČ, Fl. 4âČ; l.H.: I Bo[rdun?] 8âČ, Sp[itz?]f[löte] 8âČ, G[e]d[ackt?] 4âČ; P: V[iolon] 16âČ (punctuation as given by Friedrich). This registration fits the Trost organ in the castle church at Altenburg both before and after the rebuild by Ladegast (except that in the annotation âIâ must mean the hauptwerk [great organ] and âIIâ the oberwerk, whereas in the specification as given by Friedrich it is the reverse). Regarding registration the printed score says only âZartâ (âDelicatelyâ), as well as âpâ (piano) for both manuals.
Apparently unbeknownst to Friedrich the same piece was also published in an 1862 collection in honour of Johann Schneider, who in the preceding year had celebrated 50 years of service as organist to the Dresden court (Jubel-Album fĂŒr die Orgel. Dem Herrn Dr. Johann Schneider zu seinem 50jĂ€hrigen AmtsjubilĂ€um, available on imslp.com; the Canon is on p.86). Almost certainly this is the earlier edition. Here the piece is printed on two staves; the score is marked âClav. Iâ (manual I) and âClav. IIâ. The piece is to be played âwith delicate stopsâ (âmit zarten Stimmenâ), with an additional note that âThe tenor voice imitating the canon is to be registered a little more stronglyâ.
In the Kahnt edition both parts of the piece are to be repeated, with the ending of the second part featuring a prima volta version and a seconda volta one. The 1862 edition has no repeats â presumably their use was mainly that in a liturgical context they allow the player to adapt the length of the piece as necessary. In this recording I repeat the second part but not the first part (indeed the second part itself has two distinct halves, of which the second is an almost verbatim repetition of the first part: thus if you play both repeats, the first part is heard a total of four times). The composerâs annotation regarding duration is puzzling. Were one to play both repeats in four minutes, the tempo would have to be quite a bit faster than the tempo chosen here, yet that seems hardly compatible with the character of the piece! Indeed, relistening to my own recording I feel that it is already on the fast side.
The canon as such has two voices, but the upper voice is itself a three-part setting, consisting of the tune and two accompanying voices.
Friedrich Wilhelm Stade (1817-1902): Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott (+ Choral: A.W. Bach)
„Als Hoforganist [in Altenburg] wirkt gegenwĂ€rtig … Hofkapellmeister Dr. Wilh. Stade …; einer der besten ‚Bachspieler‘, einer der vorzĂŒglichsten Dirigenten, sowie einer der gewandtesten Improvisatoren auf der Orgel, fĂŒr die er auch mancherlei VorzĂŒgliches im strengen und freien Style geschrieben hat.“ (August Wilhelm Gottschalg, Urania 43 [1886] S. 162).
In der Altenburger SchloĂkirche stand Stade die berĂŒhmte Trost-Orgel von 1739 zur VerfĂŒgung (an der bis 1780 Joh. Ludwig Krebs tĂ€tig war). Stade war es, der, nach ersten VerĂ€nderungen bereits 1867, auf Anregung nicht zuletzt seines Freundes Franz Liszt 1881 den Umbau dieser Orgel durch Friedrich Ladegast vornehmen lieĂ. Der bereits zitierte Aufsatz von Gottschalg berichtet darĂŒber: „…wanderten wir in die alte SchloĂkirche, wo einst der groĂe ‚Ludwig‘ [Krebs] amtirt hatte, um Meister Stade zu hören. Derselbe fantasirte ĂŒber die gegebenen ChorĂ€le in classischer Weise, im Geiste des viellieben Sebastian [Bach], ohne die Neuzeit zu ignorieren …. Zum Ausgange erquickte uns Freund St. mit Bachs ‚Dorika‘ [BWV 538] — ein HochgenuĂ! Die Orgel, vor einigen Jahren fĂŒr 8000 M. reparirt, hat uns, wie auch anderen Leuten, gar nicht sonderlich gefallen. Manches soll frĂŒher besser gewesen sein. Solche Reparaturen gelingen nicht immer…“
Gottschalg nennt hier den Namen Ladegast nicht. Wenige Jahre zuvor hatte er den Neubau der Orgel der Altenburger Stadtkirche durch Ladegast begeistert rezensiert, dabei auf den Umbau — den er hier so nennt und nicht als „Reparatur“ bezeichnet — der Orgel der SchloĂkirche durch denselben Orgelbauer verwiesen und seiner Hoffnung Ausdruck gegeben, „auch dieses Meisterwerk … im folgenden Jahre kennen und zu bewundern zu lernen“ (Urania 39 [1882] S. 37ff.).
Da etwa zwei Drittel des Trost’schen Pfeifenwerks erhalten blieben, wurde das Instrument in den 1970er Jahren von der Firma Eule in den Ursprungszustand zurĂŒckgefĂŒhrt.
An article by August Wilhelm Gottschalg of 1886 reports that „[t]he present court organist [at Altenburg] is court kapellmeister Dr Wilhelm Stade …, one of the best ‚Bach players‘, one of the most capable conductors, and one of the most dexterous improvisers on the organ, for which instrument he has also written many fine things in both strict and free style“ (Urania 43 p.162).
At the Altenburg castle church Stade presided over the famous Trost organ of 1739, at which his precessor, until his death in 1780, was Johann Ludwig Krebs. It was Stade who, following an initial rebuild in 1867, had the instrument altered by Friedrich Ladegast in 1881, a move urged by his friend Franz Liszt. Gottschalg: „…we wandered into the old castle church, where once the great Ludwig [Krebs] officiated, to hear Master Stade. He improvised on various chorales in classic fashion, in the spirit of our dear Sebastian [Bach], but without neglecting the present …. Our friend Stade ended by regaling us with Bach’s Dorica [BWV 538] — a real treat! The organ, repaired some years ago for 8,000 marks, did not particularly impress us, a reaction shared by others. Some things are said to have been better before. Such repairs are not always successful…“
Gottschalg omits to mention the name Ladegast here — a few years earlier he had written an enthusiastic report on the new Ladegast organ in the parish church at Altenburg and on that occasion pointed to the rebuild — which is what he calls it there, rather than a „repair“ — of the castle church organ by the same builder, expressing his hope that „in the coming year we shall have occasion to hear and admire … that masterwork, too“ (Urania 39 [1882] S. 37ff.).
Since about two thirds of the Trost pipework survive, in the 1970s the instrument was restored to its original condition by Eule.
Friedrich Wilhelm Stade (1817-1902): Nun sich der Tag | Wer nur den lieben Gott
Zwei Choralvorspiele des Altenburger Hoforganisten, denen ihre verhaltene, herbstliche Stimmung gemein ist.
Two chorale preludes by Altenburg court organist F.W. Stade. They have in common their subdued, autumnal mood.
Friedrich Wilhelm Stade (1817-1902): Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern
(English below!) Der „Morgenstern“ prĂ€sentiert sich bei Stade als scheinbar simples Choraltrio; der Cantus firmus erklingt linear und unverschnörkelt, unterbrochen von nur kurzen Zwischenspielen. „Scheinbar“ deshalb, weil wie bei Stade ĂŒblich die Harmonik zum Ungewöhnlichen tendiert — was beim Einstudieren regelmĂ€Ăig stĂ€rker auffĂ€llt als es dann beim „fertigen Produkt“ hervorsticht. Das liegt wohl vor allem daran, daĂ die vielen „schrĂ€gen“ Akkorde als Durchgangsnoten schnell verklingen.
How Brightly Beams The Morning Star: this prelude by Stade is a seemingly simple chorale trio. The cantus firmus is presented in straightforward, linear fashion, with the interludes between phrases kept short. „Seemingly“ simple in the sense that as usual with Stade the harmonies tend to be somewhat unusual, a circumstance of which one is much more aware when learning the piece than in listening to the „finished product“. The reason must be that the many strange chords are mostly mere passing notes.
John Stanley (1712-86): Voluntary in e minor op.6 no.9 (Anloo)
Born in London in 1712, John Stanley was left near-blind by an accident at the age of two. A pupil of Maurice Greene, the organist of St Paulâs cathedral, he deputised for the organist of All Hallows Bread Street in the City of London from the age of nine, and succeeded to the post at the death of the incumbent in 1723, when he was still only eleven. Yet he received a normal salary (20 pounds per annum). Three years later Stanley exchanged that position for the post of organist of St Andrewâs Holborn, which he kept until his death; that church is also where he is buried. From 1734 and again until his death he was also organist of the Temple Church. Stanley regularly appeared in concerts, in London and in the country and both at the organ and as a violinist. He succeeded William Boyce as Master of the Kingâs Music in 1779 and in 1782 was also appointed âConductor of the Music at the Balls at Courtâ. One of his earliest organ pupils was John Alcock, only a few years younger than Stanley himself. With the apparent intention of supplementing the obituaries published when Stanley died, Alcock later addressed a letter to the editors of various periodicals. Among other things Alcock relates that âit was common, just when the service at St. Andrewâs church or the Temple was ended, to see forty or fifty organists at the altar, waiting to hear his last voluntary: even Mr. Handel himself I have many times seen at both of these places.â (Universal Magazine, July 1786, p.44; European Magazine and London Review, August 1786, p.80). Stanley published 30 organ voluntaries in three volumes of ten each (opus 5 in 1748, opus 6 in 1752 and opus 7 in 1754); these continue to be popular. It has never been quite clear to me why Stanley was so famous in his lifetime and, practically alone among the composers of organ music in 18th-century England, continues to be so now. His music is certainly good. But is it better than that of many of his nearly forgotten contemporaries, some of which may also be heard in videos on this channel?
Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel (1690-1749)(âJ.S. Bachâ BWV 508): Bist du bei mir
Janke-Orgel der Stadtkirche BĂŒckeburg (English below) G.H. Stölzel wurde als Sohn eines Organisten und Dorfschullehrers in GrĂŒnstĂ€dtel im Erzgebirge geboren. Nach Schulbesuch in Schneeberg und Gera nahm er 1707 in Leipzig ein Studium auf. (Wikipedia deutsch meint: der Theologie; Zedlers Universal-Lexicon Bd. 40 von 1744 sagt: der Rechte; andere Quellen, so auch Stölzels Autobiographie, geben das Fach nicht an. Die Autobiographie findet sich in Matthesons Ehren-Pforte von 1740.) Abgeschlossen hat Stölzel sein Studium offenbar nicht, fand aber wie schon als Gymnasiast in Gera, so auch in Leipzig als Komponist Beachtung. Nach TĂ€tigkeit als privater Musiklehrer in Breslau, wo 1711 seine erste Oper âNarcissusâ aufgefĂŒhrt wurde, ging er nach Halle, wo er AuftrĂ€ge fĂŒr weitere Opern erhielt, und 1713 fĂŒr ein gutes Jahr nach Italien (âvornehmlich Venedig, Florentz und Româ, schreibt er). Nach Aufenthalt in Prag wurde er 1717 an den Brandenburg-Ansbachischen Hof in Bayreuth berufen und 1719 zum Kapellmeister des Grafen Reuss in Gera. Noch im selben Jahr wechselte er aber als Hofkapellmeister nach Gotha.
Zum 40. Geburtstag des Markgrafen Georg Wilhelm fĂŒhrte Stölzel im November 1718 in Bayreuth seine Oper Diomedes auf. Hiervon sind, in einer Fassung fĂŒr Stimme, Streicher und Continuo, lediglich fĂŒnf Arien erhalten â darunter âBist du bei mirâ â sowie das gedruckte Libretto. Der Textdichter ist nicht genannt; Stölzel schrieb seine Libretti indes gern selbst. âBist du bei mirâ findet sich auĂerdem in einer Fassung fĂŒr Singstimme und Continuo, die Anna Magdalena Bach zwischen 1734 und 1740 in ihr 1725 begonnenes Notenbuch eintrug.
Familie Bach war mit Stölzels Musik vertraut. Anna Magdalenas Ehemann Joh. Sebastian verfertigte Abschriften von Kantaten Stölzels und fĂŒhrte diese und andere Werke Stölzels in Leipzig auf. Doch Anna Magdalena schrieb den Namen des Komponisten der Arie nicht dazu. Kein StĂŒck in dem Band, der Eintragungen Anna Magdalenas, ihres Gatten und verschiedener ihrer Söhne enthĂ€lt, trĂ€gt den Namen des Urhebers. So wurde die Arie berĂŒhmt. Der im 19. Jh. einsetzende Bach-Kult erfaĂte auch die 1866 erstmals gedruckte Arie. Man hielt sie fĂŒr ein Werk Joh. Sebastians, und sie trĂ€gt bis heute die Nummer 508 im Bachwerkeverzeichnis (BWV).
Die fĂŒnf Arien aus Diomedes wurden um 1915 von dem Musikwissenschaftler Max Schneider wiederentdeckt. Hier ist Stölzel als Komponist angegeben, und Stölzel erwĂ€hnt die Oper in seiner Autobiographie. Die Arie hĂ€tte also nie in das 1950 erstmals vorgelegte BWV aufgenommen werden dĂŒrfen. Doch hĂ€lt sich die falsche Zuschreibung bis heute. Man verbindet das populĂ€re StĂŒck lieber mit dem verehrten JSB als mit dem nurmehr wenig bekannten Stölzel.
Die Einrichtung der Arie fĂŒr Orgel ist einfach: der bei Anna Magdalena vorgefundene Continuo-BaĂ kommt ins Pedal, die rechte Hand spielt die Melodie, die linke Hand ergĂ€nzt zum BaĂ passende Harmonien. Nur letzteres verlangt einen kreativen Einsatz, zumal der BaĂ nicht beziffert ist. Die hier gewĂ€hlte Bearbeitung empfinde ich im Hinblick auf diese harmonische Ausarbeitung und deren Rhythmisierung als besonders kongenial. Ihr Urheber ist der bekannte britische Organist Noel Rawsthorne (1929-2019).
(Die Bearbeitung erschien 1992 in einer von Rawsthorne besorgten, Solemn Moments betitelten Anthologie von Orgelmusik fĂŒr Trauerfeiern; als Komponist ist falsch JSB genannt. Im angelsĂ€chsischen Sprachraum scheint sich âBist du bei mirâ betrĂ€chtlicher Beliebtheit bei Beerdigungen zu erfreuen. Dabei sind die âschönen HĂ€ndeâ, die die âgetreuen Augenâ zudrĂŒcken, offenkundig erotisch konnotiert. In der Oper singt Diomedes die Arie in einer Art Duett mit seiner Geliebten Pulcheria. Sie antwortet, mit Worten, die auf dieselbe Melodie zu passen scheinen, âAch rede nicht von deinem Sterben,â versichert dann aber, selbst nicht weiterleben zu wollen, erfĂŒhre sie von seinem Tod. Freilich achtet kaum jemand auf den Text. Die hier verwendete englische Fassung des US-amerikanischen MusikpĂ€dagogen Will Earhart (zuerst wohl 1934) scheint wenig verbreitet. Sie bleibt verblĂŒffend nah an der Vorlage: der Anfang imitiert sie akustisch, mehrere kurze Phrasen kopieren die originale Syntax und Wortwahl, der Rest paraphrasiert treffend. Der ohnehin nur ansatzweise vorhandene Reim â âEndeâ/âHĂ€ndeâ, âRuhâ/âzuâ â geht verloren, aber das spielt kaum eine Rolle. Die âschönenâ HĂ€nde freilich werden zu âdear handsâ, was den erotischen Subtext weniger deutlich werden lĂ€Ăt. âFairâ statt âdearâ hĂ€tte sich angeboten, war Earhart aber vielleicht allzu deutlich.)
The son of an organist and school teacher, G.H. Stölzel was born in the village of GrĂŒnstĂ€dtel in Thuringia. He went to school at Schneeberg and Gera and then enrolled at Leipzig university. (The German Wikipedia article on Stölzel makes him a student of theology, whereas vol. 40, published in 1744, of Zedlerâs Universal-Lexicon gives his subject as law. Other sources, including Stölzelâs autobiography, are silent on this. The autobiography is in Matthesonâs Ehren-Pforte, a musical dictionary published in 1740.) Stölzel clearly never took a degree. Instead, already at Leipzig he was noted as a composer, as indeed he had been as a pupil of the grammar school at Gera. From Leipzig he went to Breslau (WrocĆaw) to work as a music teacher â it was there that, in 1711, his first opera âNarcissusâ was performed â and then to Halle, where he received commissions for further operas. In 1713 he travelled to Italy, where he stayed for over a year (âmostly at Venice, Florence, and Rome,â he writes). On his return he settled in Prague, but in 1717 was called to the court of the margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach at Bayreuth. Having been appointed kapellmeister to the court of the Count Reuss at Gera, he arrived there in 1719, but in the same year moved on to Gotha, where he was given the same position at the ducal court.
In November of 1718, at Bayreuth, Stölzel staged his opera Diomedes for the 40th birthday of margrave Georg Wilhelm. Much of the opera is lost, except for the printed libretto and five arias, including âBist du bei mirâ, in a version for voice, strings and continuo. The author of the libretto is not given, but Stölzel tended to write his own. âBist du bei mirâ is also found, in a version for voice and continuo, in the (second) music book of Anna Magdalena Bach (the one started in 1725); she must have made this entry between 1734 and 1740.
The Bach family was well-acquainted with Stölzelâs music â thus, Anna Magdalenaâs husband, Johann Sebastian, copied cantatas by Stölzel and performed these as well as other works by Stölzel at Leipzig. But Anna Magdalena omitted to indicate the name of the composer when she copied the aria. No piece in the volume, which contains entries by Anna Magdalena, her husband, and some of their sons, is attributed. This is what made the aria famous. When the idolisation of J.S. Bach that still continues today started in the 19th century, the aria, first printed in 1866, was caught up in it. It was assumed to be by Johann Sebastian, and still today has the number 508 in the BWV (Bachwerke-Verzeichnis, Catalogue of Bachâs Works).
The manuscript with five arias from Diomedes was rediscovered around 1915 by the musicologist Max Schneider. This gives Stölzel as the composer, and Stölzel mentions the opera in his autobiography. The aria should thus never have been listed in BWV when that first appeared in 1950. But the false attribution is still often found today. People evidently prefer to associate this popular piece with JSB rather than some composer they have never heard of (and may struggle to pronounce).
Creating an organ version of the aria is easy: the continuo bass found in Anna Magdalenaâs manuscript is assigned to the pedals, the right hand plays the melody, and the left hand adds harmonies to fit the bass. Only the left-hand part requires work on the part of the arranger, especially as the bass is not figured. I find the version heard here particularly sensitive and suitable in terms of the harmonies and their rhythmic treatment. Its author is the well-known British organist Noel Rawsthorne (1929-2019).
(The arrangement is found in a collection, edited by Rawsthorne and published in 1992, of organ music for funerals entitled Solemn Moments; the composer is wrongly given as JSB. âBist du bei mirâ is apparently quite popular at funerals in the English-speaking world: curiously so, as the âfair handsâ closing âfaithful eyesâ evidently have an erotic meaning. In the opera Diomedes sings the aria in a kind of duet with his beloved, Pulcheria. She answers with words that seem to fit the same tune, admonishing him not to talk of dying but then assuring him that were she to learn of his death she would have no desire to continue living herself. Clearly, though, few people pay attention to the words. The translation used here, by US-American musical educator Will Earhart and first published, as far as I can determine, in 1934, does not seem very common. It keeps very close to the original: the opening words echo the original acoustically; several short phrases simply transpose the original syntax and words; and the rest paraphrases aptly. What rhyme there is in the original â âEndeâ/âHĂ€ndeâ, âRuhâ/âzuâ â is lost, but that does not matter much. Earhart does choose âdearâ as an epithet for Pulcheriaâs hands when âfairâ would have fit the metre just as well. But perhaps Earhart felt that was taking the erotic undertone too far.)
Johannes Alfred Streicher (1865-1945): Die Gnade unsers Herrn Jesu Christi (Zöblitz)
(English below) Der Dohr-Verlag hat in seiner Neuausgabe einer vor Jahrzehnten in Leipzig unter dem Namen âJ.A. Streicherâ erschienenen Sammlung von Choralvorspielen diese Johann Andreas Streicher (1761-1833), dem Jugendfreund Schillers, zugeschrieben; entsprechend steht es so im Video. Thorsten Pirkl gebĂŒhrt das Verdienst, erkannt zu haben, daĂ es sich bei dem Verfasser dieser StĂŒcke (und anderer unter demselben Namen veröffentlichter) in Wahrheit um einen spĂ€tromantischen Komponisten, Johannes Alfred Streicher handelt (siehe Kommentar zu dem Video; die Richtigkeit der Zuschreibung wird durch viele Details, die die Recherche von Thorsten Pirkl ergeben hat, erhĂ€rtet). 1865 in Meerane geboren, war Streicher seit 1911 Lehrer und Kantor in Glösa bei Chemnitz. Untenstehend die ursprĂŒngliche, auf der irrigen Zuschreibung beruhende Version dieser Videobeschreibung.
Johann Andreas Streicher (1761-1833) ist heute am ehesten begannt als der Jugendfreund Friedrich Schillers, der 1782 mit ihm aus Stuttgart nach Mannheim floh und darĂŒber spĂ€ter Erinnerungen veröffentlichte. Eigentlich hatte Streicher nach Hamburg gehen und dort SchĂŒler von C.P.E. Bach werden wollen, doch die gemeinsame Flucht mit Schiller lieĂ dafĂŒr keine Geldmittel ĂŒbrig. Streicher heiratete 1793 die Erbin eines Augsburger Orgel- und Klavierbauers, Nanette Stein, die selbst als Pianistin, SĂ€ngerin und Komponistin hervortrat. 1794 lieĂ sich das Ehepaar in Wien nieder, wo die Firma Streicher im Klavierbau erfolgreich war. Nanette und Johann Andreas Streicher waren eng mit Beethoven befreundet, den Nanette bereits 1787 in Augsburg kennengelernt hatte, als er nach seinem ersten Aufenthalt in Wien nach Bonn zurĂŒckreiste. Johann Andreas war auch ein wichtiger FĂŒrsprecher der protestantischen Diaspora in Wien. Der eingespielten Orgelbearbeitung liegt kein Choral im eigentlichen Sinne zugrunde, sondern die Vertonung (fĂŒr vierstimmigen Chor durch Christian Gregor 1755) des SchluĂsegens der Herrnhuter BrĂŒdergemeine, nach 2. Korinther 13.13 (âDie Gnade unsers HERRN Jesu Christi und die Liebe Gottes und die Gemeinschaft des heiligen Geistes sei mit uns allen Amen.â)
When the publisher, Dohr, recently reissued a collection of chorale preludes printed decades ago in Leipzig under the name âJ.A. Streicherâ, they attributed this music to Johann Andreas Streicher (1761-1833), a friend of Friedrich Schiller. The video reflects that. However, as Thorsten Pirkl has now shown, the real author of these pieces (and other works published under the same name) is a composer of the late Romantic period, Johannes Alfred Streicher (see comment below). The correctness of the attribution is corroborated by many details unearthed by Pirkl. Johannes Alfred Streicher was born at Meerane in Saxony. From 1911 he was the schoolteacher and organist of the village of Glösa near Chemnitz. The original video description, based on the earlier erroneous attribution, follows.
Johann Andreas Streicher is mostly known today as the early friend of Friedrich Schiller, with whom he escaped from Stuttgart to Mannheim in 1782; he later published a memoir about the episode. Streicher had really intended to go to Hamburg to study with C.P.E. Bach, but helping Schiller used up all his funds. In 1793 he married the heiress of an Augsburg organ and piano maker, Nanette Stein, who herself was a pianist, singer and composer. In the following year the couple moved to Vienna, where the Streicher piano building company flourished. Nanette and Johann Andreas Streicher were close friends of Beethoven, whom Nanette had already met in Augsburg in 1787 when Beethoven was returning to Bonn from his first stay in Vienna. Johann Andreas was also an important patron of the protestant diaspora in Vienna. The organ work heard here is not based on a hymn, but on the setting (for four-part choir by Christian Gregor in 1755) of the final blessing of the Bohemian Brethren based on 2 Corinthians 13.13 (âThe grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Ghost, be with us all. Amen.â)
Delphin Strungk (1601-94): Lass mich dein sein und bleiben (Transeptorgel Rotterdam)
English below! Melodie: Herzlich tut mich verlangen | O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden (O Sacred Head Now Wounded) Wahrscheinlich in Braunschweig geboren, wurde Delphin Strungk (oder Strunck) spĂ€testens 1631 Organist der Marienkirche in WolfenbĂŒttel und 1634 Hoforganist in Celle. Ab 1637 Organist der Martinikirche in Braunschweig, âbesiedelteâ er in den folgenden Jahrzehnten noch vier weitere Organistenstellen der Stadt (St. Magni, St. Ăgidien, St. Katharinen, St. Andreas), wobei er sich von seinen Kindern und SchĂŒlern vertreten lieĂ und nur fallweise selbst spielte (an St. Magni etwa jeden 6. Sonntag). Die im Video gezeigte Orgel an St. Martini war bei ihrer Ăbernahme durch Strungk erst wenige Jahre alt und hatte damals zwei Manuale und Pedal (ein drittes Manual wurde 1774 ergĂ€nzt). Das Werk wurde 1899 durch ein romantisches Instrument ersetzt, nur der Prospekt blieb erhalten. Ausgelagert ĂŒberstand er den Zweiten Weltkrieg, im Gegensatz zu der Orgel dahinter. Das jetzige Nachkriegsinstrument soll wohl in nĂ€chster Zeit wiederum ersetzt werden.
Von Strungk hat sich eine Anzahl Orgelkompositionen erhalten, von denen die eingespielte â eingĂ€ngig, kurz und relativ leicht spielbar â die einzig bekanntere ist. Der Magdeburger Domorganist August Gottfried Ritter nahm sie in seine 1884 erschienene Sammlung Zur Geschichte des Orgelspiels im 14. bis 18. Jahrhundert auf. Die anderen ĂŒberlieferten StĂŒcke (eine Tokkata, eine Choralpartita, ein Magnificat und mehrere Intavolationen von Motetten) sind deutlich lĂ€nger und technisch anspruchsvoller. Seltsam ist der Titel âLaĂ mich dein sein und bleibenâ â ein Lied, das eigentlich auf die Melodie von Valet will ich dir geben gesungen wird, zu der es vom Inhalt her besser paĂt als zu der melancholischen Hassler-Melodie, die hier verwendet ist.
Probably a native of Braunschweig, Delphin Strungk served as organist of St Maryâs Church in WolfenbĂŒttel by 1631 at the latest; in 1634 he became court organist in Celle. From 1637 onwards he played the organ at the Martinikirche (St Martinâs Church) in Braunschweig. Over the next few decades he âcolonisedâ another four organistships in that city (St Magnus, St Giles, St Catherineâs, St Andrewâs), employing his children and his pupils as deputies (thus at St Magnus the deal was that he would play himself on every sixth Sunday). When he took it over, the organ at St Martinâs, shown in the video, was only a few years old. At the time it had two manuals and pedals (a third manual was added in 1774). The instrument was replaced in 1899; only the case was retained. Placed in storage, it survived World War II, whereas the new instrument did not. The present, post-war instrument is to be replaced once more in the near future.
We have a number of organ works by Strungk, but the one recorded here â effective, short, and not too difficult â is the only one that is quite well known. It was printed in the 1884 anthology of works illustrating the history of organ playing put together by the organist of Magdeburg Cathedral, August Gottfried Ritter (Zur Geschichte des Orgelspiels im 14. bis 18. Jahrhundert). The other surviving works by Strungk (a toccata, a chorale partita, a magnificat, and several intabulations of motets) are rather longer and technically more demanding.
The title of the piece (Lass mich dein sein und bleiben â Let me be Thine forever, Thou faithful God and Lord) is strange, since this hymn is normally sung to a different tune (Valet will ich dir geben). That tune suits the lyrics of Lass mich rather better than the sombre tune by Hassler used here.
Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck (1562-1621): Es ist das Heil uns kommen her (Anloo)
(English below) Die eingespielte Choralbearbeitung besteht aus zwei Teilen. Der erste zitiert eingangs den Beginn der titelgebenden Choralmelodie, von der aber im weiteren Verlauf kein Gebrauch gemacht wird. Der zweite Teil bringt die Choralmelodie, ausgeziert aber stets erkennbar, in der Oberstimme des vierstimmigen Satzes. Das Werk wird teilweise nur als Zuschreibung gefĂŒhrt, aber der Komponist war offenkundig ein Meister seines Fachs, passend also zu der BerĂŒhmtheit, derer sich Sweelinck zu seinen Lebzeiten weit ĂŒber die Niederlande hinaus erfreute. Die Satztechnik ist so virtuos wie im Ergebnis schwer zu spielen â mit einem derartigen Ăbeaufwand, wie ihn das StĂŒck letztlich erforderte, hatte ich nicht gerechnet. Und am Ende sieht es im Film dann wieder so relativ einfach aus⊠Wie oft bei der Musik dieser Zeit ist nicht klar, ob und wie das Pedal eingesetzt werden soll. Da die BaĂstimme keine Merkmale eines eigenstĂ€ndigen Pedalparts aufweist und das StĂŒck auch manualiter spielbar ist, habe ich mich fĂŒr letzteres entschieden.
The piece recorded here has two parts. The first starts by citing the beginning of the chorale but the tune then makes no further appearance. The second part has the hymn tune, with many embellishments but recognisable throughout, in the upper voice of the four-part setting. Some regard the attribution to Sweelinck as not entirely certain, yet it is clear that whoever composed this was a master of his trade â which does point to Sweelinck, who in his lifetime was a celebrity well beyond the borders of the Netherlands. The compositional technique is as sophisticated as the result is demanding to perform. Learning to play this piece fluently required far more effort than I had anticipated (though seeing myself play it in the video I am struck by how relatively easy it looksâŠ). As is often the case with music from this period it is not clear if or how pedals are to be used. Seeing that the bass lacks features that would be typical of a pedal part and that it is in fact possible to play the piece on manuals alone I opted for the latter solution.
Thomas Tallis (~1505-1585): Remember not o Lord
(English below) Instrument: die spĂ€tgotische Orgel in Krewerd, Niederlande â Thomas Tallis begann seine Laufbahn als Klosterorganist, zuletzt der Abtei Waltham. Nach deren Aufhebung 1540 wurde er Domorganist in Canterbury, bald aber einer der âGentlemen of the Chapel Royalâ, Mitglied der königlichen Kantorei. Von der katholischen Königin Maria ebenso gefördert wie von ihrer unkatholischen Halbschwester und Nachfolgerin Elisabeth, ist er hauptsĂ€chlich fĂŒr seine kirchliche Vokalmusik bekannt. âRemember not o Lordâ ist eine von vier Motetten (Anthems) zu englischen Texten, die von ihm ĂŒberliefert sind. Es ging hier darum, einen leicht singbaren Satz zu schaffen, bei dem die Worte gut verstĂ€ndlich sind. So finden sich anstelle der kunstvollen Polyphonie lateinischsprachiger Chorwerke der Zeit (wie sie auch Tallis selbst reichlich schuf) ĂŒberwiegend Akkordblöcke, die nur in geringem MaĂ durch unabhĂ€ngige StimmfĂŒhrung oder Melismen aufgelockert sind. Die hier eingespielte Intavolierung der Motette findet sich im sogenannten Mulliner Book, das noch zu Tallisâ Lebzeiten von Thomas Mulliner zusammengestellt worden ist â eine Sammlung von Kompositionen fĂŒr Tasteninstrument. Ăber Mulliner selbst wissen wir nur, daĂ eine Person dieses Namens 1563 Organist des Oxforder Corpus Christi College war. Offenbar ging es dem Autor der Fassung fĂŒr Tasteninstrument nur um die Satztechnik, nicht den vertonten Text. FĂŒr die Interpretation wie das HörverstĂ€ndnis des StĂŒckes ist der Text aber nicht unwichtig, deshalb habe ich ihn in dem Video wieder hinzugefĂŒgt. Es handelt sich um Verse aus Psalm 79, gefolgt von einer Doxologie.
Keine Orgel aus dem England der Tudor-Zeit ist vollstĂ€ndig erhalten. Eine Vorstellung vermitteln das prĂ€chtige GehĂ€use in Radnor sowie ein in Wetheringsett aufgefundener Pfeifenstock, beide wohl aus der Zeit um 1520. Die Orgel von Wetheringsett verfĂŒgte ĂŒber 8 Register, von denen eines nur vorbereitet war. In der GröĂe entsprach dieses Instrument also etwa dem von 1531 in der Dorfkirche zu Krewerd in den Niederlanden, dessen Erbauer wir nicht kennen. Das Pfeifenwerk ist, soweit original erhalten, vollstĂ€ndig aus einer noch Ă€lteren Orgel wohl des 15. Jahrhunderts ĂŒbernommen. 1788 lautete die Disposition Praestant 8âČ â Holpyp 8âČ â Quint 3âČ â Octaaf 4âČ â Super Ocaaf 2âČ â Quint 1 1/2âČ (BaĂ) â Sexquialter II (Diskant) â Mixtuur IV-VI. 1857 wurden die Quinte 1 1/2âČ entfernt und die Sesquialtera im Diskant durch eine Gambe 8âČ ersetzt, weiter die Mixtur durch eine Gedekte Fluit 4âČ. 1975 wurde statt der Gambe eine neue Sesquialtera eingebaut. Die fĂŒr die Aufnahme verwendeten Register Holpyp und Praestant sind original.
Instrument: the late Gothic organ at Krewerd (The Netherlands) â Thomas Tallis began his career as a monastic organist, his last post being at Waltham Abbey. Following the abbeyâs suppression in 1540 he became organist of Canterbury Cathedral but was soon appointed a gentleman of the Chapel Royal. Esteemed both by the catholic Queen Mary and her non-catholic half-sister and successor Elizabeth, he is chiefly known for his choral church music. âRemember not o Lordâ is one of four anthems with English words that we have by him. The idea here was to provide a setting that was easy to sing as well as allowing the words to be easily audible. Instead of the elaborate polyphony of Latin-language choral works of the period (of which Tallis himself wrote many) we have mostly blocked chords, with relatively little in the way of independent part writing or melismas. The keyboard reduction of the anthem played here is found in the Mulliner Book, a collection of keyboard works compiled in Tallisâs lifetime by one Thomas Mulliner, presumably identical with a person of that name who in 1563 was organist of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. It seems that the author of the keyboard reduction was only interested in the technical aspects of the setting, not the words. These however are not unimportant for playing (and listening to) the piece, so I have provided them in the video. They consist of a selection of verses from psalm 79, followed by a doxology.
No Tudor organ has come down to us whole. The magnificent case at Radnor or the soundboard found at Wetheringsett, both dating from around 1520, give some idea. The Wetheringsett organ had 8 stops (one only prepared for), so its size was about that of the 1531 organ at Krewerd with its 7 stops. We do not know who built this organ, all the original pipework of which was taken over from an even older instrument presumably dating from the 15th c. In 1788 the stop list was Praestant 8âČ â Holpyp 8âČ â Quint 3âČ â Octaaf 4âČ â Super Ocaaf 2âČ â Quint 1 1/2âČ (bass) â Sexquialter II (treble) â Mixtuur IV-VI. In 1857 the Quint 1 1/2âČ was removed and the treble sesquialtera replaced by a Gamba 8âČ, while the mixture gave way to a Gedekte Fluit 4âČ. In 1975 a new sesquialtera was put in instead of the Gamba. The stops used in this recording, Holpyp and Praestant, are original. a_osiander(at)gmx.net / www.andreas-osiander.net
Thomas Tallis (~1505-1585): Iam lucis orto sidere
Instrument: the late Gothic organ at Krewerd (The Netherlands) â This setting of Iam lucis comes from the 16th-century Mulliner Book. More information about both Thomas Tallis and the 1531 Krewerd organ may be found in the description of this video: https://youtu.be/Cwzz7sYtDa0 There is also a companion video to this one with one of Tallisâs settings of the Veni redemptor: http://youtu.be/nxUxMGN8b54
Iam lucis orto sidere is a (pseudo-)Ambrosian hymn, for which there are numerous Gregorian plainsong tunes assigned to different feast days and liturgical seasons. According to John Caldwell (âKeyboard Plainsong Settings in England, 1500-1660â, in: Musica Disciplina 19, 1965, pp. 129-153; Caldwell also edited the Mulliner Book) the tune used by Tallis is that given by the Sarum Service Books for the octave of the Epiphany. I have to admit that I fail to see (let alone hear) this, even assuming that the cantus firmus may not be the actual hymn tune but its faburden, as is quite often the case in Tudor settings of plainsong hymns.
In any case I doubt whether anyone could hear the c.f. in a setting like this, let alone identify it. Before you contradict, you may want to watch my recording of an In nomine by Richard Alwood, also on the Krewerd organ, where the score is provided along with the recording and the issue is discussed in the video description: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tItQâŠ
Doubt clearly remains what function, if any, keyboard hymn settings like this fulfilled. It is often assumed that they served a liturgical purpose in alternatim renderings of the eponymous hymns â that is to say, stanzas of the hymn sung by the choir would alternate with settings of the hymn tune played on the organ alone. There seems to be no actual evidence for this, which admittedly may not mean much. But it may well be that many (though of course not necessarily all) Tudor keyboard settings of plainsong tunes were intellectual rather than liturgical exercises. The Krewerd organ has a so-called short octave at the bottom end of the compass. This means that c sharp, d sharp, f sharp and g sharp are missing; the keys that would normally play f sharp and g sharp actually play d and e and the keys for e and f play c and d. You can see and hear this in the video. (The idea behind this practice, very common in pre-1800 European organ building, was to save metal on little-used pipes that at this point of the organâs compass would have to be quite long and thus expensive.)
Th. Tomkins (1572-1656): A Sad Pavan for these distracted times (Boezemkerk Bolnes)
Thomas Tomkins was born in 1572 at St Davids in Wales, where his father was a vicar choral and organist of the cathedral. In 1596 Thomas became organist of Worcester cathedral, a post which from 1621 onwards he combined with that of organist of the Chapel Royal. In 1628 king Charles I appointed him composer-in-ordinary. Following the outbreak of civil war in 1642 Worcester became an early target of puritan anger. The cathedral was desecrated and closed to worship, and the organ, which Thomas had had newly built in 1612, was smashed. In 1643 a canon shot destroyed the house near the cathedral where Thomas lived. By then in his seventies, Thomas continued to write keyboard music, collected in an autograph volume where each piece bears the date of its composition. The âSad Pavanâ, dated 14 February 1649, must reflect the news that king Charles I had been beheaded at Whitehall on 30 January. At the end of his life Thomas went to live with his son and daughter-in-law in the village of Martin Hussingtree, a short distance from Worcester. He died there in 1656, aged 84, and is buried in the churchyard.
Adalbert ĂberlĂ©e (1837-97): Pastorale B-Dur
Angster-Orgel (1910) der kath. Pfarrkirche Körmend (Ungarn) English below!
Adalbert ĂberlĂ©e ist biographisch schwer faĂbar, was einmal mehr insofern wundert, als das hier eingespielte StĂŒck, so eingĂ€nglich und effektvoll wie in Idee und Anlage kunstvoll, auf ein sehr betrĂ€chtliches Talent verweist. Riemanns Musiklexikon widmet in der 5. Aufl. von 1900 ĂberlĂ©e wenige Zeilen. Demnach wurde er am 27.6.1837 in Berlin geboren und starb am 15.3.1897 in Charlottenburg (damals noch selbstĂ€ndig). Der Eintrag nennt die Anstellung als Organist der DorotheenstĂ€dtischen Kirche und vermerkt ansonsten nur, ĂberlĂ©e sei âzuletzt im Ruhestandâ gewesen â obschon doch bei seinem Tod nicht einmal 60. Die 8. Aufl. 1916 erwĂ€hnt zusĂ€tzlich Werke â eine Oper (der Katalog der Staatsbibliothek Berlin nennt sogar zwei), geistliche Vokalmusik, KlavierstĂŒcke und Lieder. ĂberlĂ©e war, wie andernorts zu lesen, Absolvent des Berliner Kgl. Instituts fĂŒr Kirchenmusik und Gewinner diverser Preise fĂŒr Komposition. Seinen Organistenposten ĂŒbernahm 1895 Martin Grabert.
Bei der eingespielten Pastorale handelt es sich offenbar um einen Satz aus einer Orgelsonate F-Dur. Das StĂŒck ist so kurz (und dabei so gut), daĂ ich es in der Aufnahme mit verĂ€nderter Registrierung wiederhole. Ăber einem Fundament aus ruhigen Pedaltönen sind die beiden Melodiestimmen im Wortsinn ĂŒbereinander gelegt (wie im Video gut zu sehen) â immer wieder fast identisch und ineinander verschrĂ€nkt, kanonartig und doch wieder nicht.
Die Dorotheenstadt nördlich der AusfallstraĂe Unter den Linden war eine der planmĂ€Ăigen Stadterweiterungen, mit denen KurfĂŒrst Friedrich Wilhelm III. die Entwicklung Berlins zu befördern suchte. Zuerst einfach âNeustadtâ genannt, erhielt sie 1681 den Namen der zweiten Ehefrau des KurfĂŒrsten, Dorothea von Braunschweig-LĂŒneburg. Die Pfarrkirche von 1687 war ein kreuzförmiger Bau von steilen Proportionen, mit niedrigeren Anbauten in den Ecken der Kreuzarme und einer hohen Apsis. Das Innere, von dem kein Bild bekannt ist, wird als sehr schlicht beschrieben, doch war zumindest die 1717 von J.M. Röder erbaute Orgel durchaus prĂ€chtig anzusehen. 1863-66 formte man die Kirche im Stil der Schinkel-Schule um. Die Kreuzform wurde zugunsten einer dreischiffigen Halle mit Emporen ĂŒber den Seitenschiffen aufgegeben, wobei man die Grund- und teilweise die AuĂenmauern wiederverwendete â daher wohl die etwas ungelenken Proportionen der neuen Kirche. An die Stelle des TĂŒrmchens ĂŒber der Vierung trat ein Glockenturm an der Eingangsseite. 1901 kam es zweimal zu BrĂ€nden auf der Orgelempore, die man zum AnlaĂ einer weiteren Umgestaltung des Inneren nahm. Die bisherige Holzdecke ersetzte man durch ein Tonnengewölbe, unter der Orgel, deren Empore bis dahin auf guĂeisernen SĂ€ulen ruhte, entstand eine Vorhalle, Malereien schmĂŒckten die WĂ€nde. Das Gedenken an die Gefallenen des Weltkriegs unter der Orgel kam 1922 hinzu.
Bereits 1832 war die Röder-Orgel fĂŒr 100 Taler an die Stadtkirche Wesenberg in Mecklenburg verkauft worden. Immer noch wohl ein guter Preis fĂŒr ein Instrument, an dem anscheinend nurmehr wenige Register (von entweder 13 oder 18 auf einem Manual und Pedal) spielbar waren, dessen Prinzipal 8âČ man seines schönen Klangs wegen aber dennoch zurĂŒckbehielt. (K. Wegscheider unterzog die hernach noch mehrfach verĂ€nderte Orgel im Jahr 2000 einer historisch informierten Restaurierung; jetzt 19 / i+P).
An die Stelle der Röder-Orgel trat ein 1786 von E.J. Marx fĂŒr die Französische Friedrichwerdersche Kirche erbautes Instrument (24 / ii+P). Nach Abbruch der Kirche 1820 zugunsten des Neubaus durch Schinkel lagerte es in Kisten verpackt im Französischen Dom, bis C.A. Buchholz es 1832 in der DorotheenstĂ€dtischen Kirche installierte. Nach dem Umbau nahm A.F. Dinse 1866 die Wiederaufstellung vor. In seiner Monographie zur Zweihundertjahrfeier der Kirche 1887 schreibt R. Stechow, einer der beiden Pfarrer: âZu den vorhandenen Stimmen, 10 im Hauptwerk, 8 im Oberwerk und 6 im Pedal kamen [damals] 2 hinzu, so daĂ sie 26 klingende Stimmen hat. Ihre Inschrift ist der Psalm 117, gereimt in französischer Sprache. Im vorigen Jahre [1886?] ist sie durch grĂŒndliche Reinigung, Entfernung wurmstichiger Pfeifen, Einsetzung sanfter Register, Erneuerung der Klaviatur bedeutend verbessert.â (S.15-16) Bei B. Schwarz (500 Jahre Orgeln in Berliner evangelischen Kirchen, 1991, S.448) ist unter Verweis auf Quellen von 1888 und 1898 die Zahl der Register mit 30 angegeben. Dies war das Instrument, das ĂberlĂ©e bei seiner Anstellung 1866 vorfand. Bei den BrĂ€nden 1901 wurde es offenbar nicht zerstört; im Zuge der Neugestaltung des Raums bis 1903 ersetzte man es dennoch durch einen Neubau der Fa. Sauer, unter Verwendung des alten GehĂ€uses (40 / iii+P). 1943 brannte durch einen Luftangriff die Kirche aus. Die Ruine wurde 1965 gesprengt. Von den teilweise wertvollen, aus der alten Kirche ĂŒbernommenen Epitaphien wurden nur wenige geborgen.
Details of the life of Adalbert ĂberlĂ©e are hard to come by â which is somewhat astonishing in light of the talent displayed in this piece, as pleasant and effective as it is artful in its conception and execution. Riemannâs Musiklexikon, in its 5th ed. of 1900, has only a few lines to spare on ĂberlĂ©e. According to this he was born in Berlin on 27 June 1837 and died in Charlottenburg (still an independent suburb at the time) on 15 March 1897. The entry mentions his organistship at the DorotheenstĂ€dtische Kirche and merely adds that at the time of his death he was retired â even though he had not yet turned 60. The 8th ed. of 1916 also refers briefly to works â an opera (the catalogue of the Staatsbibliothek Berlin actually lists two), church music for voices, songs and piano music. Elsewhere it is stated that ĂberlĂ©e studied at the Royal Institute of Church Music in Berlin and won prizes for composition. His post as organist was taken over by Martin Grabert in 1895.
The pastorale recorded here appears to be a movement from an organ sonata in F major. The piece is so short (and so good) that I decided to play it twice, with different registrations. On a foundation of slow-moving pedal notes two voices are literally superimposed one over the other (as the video illustrates graphically) â the notes in both almost identical and interwoven, similar to a canon yet not quite.
The Dorotheenstadt quarter north of the main road to the west known as Unter den Linden (âUnder the Lime Treesâ) was one of the planned extensions of the city initiated by the Elector Frederic William III with a view to promoting the urban development of his capital Berlin. Originally known simply as the Neustadt (New Town), in 1681 it was renamed in honour of Dorothea of Brunswick-LĂŒneburg, second wife of the elector. The parish church of 1687 was a steeply proportioned cruciform building with low annexes in the corners of the crossing and a high apse at one end. No illustration is known to survive of the interior, reported to have been very plain; it did have a rather fine-looking organ, built by Johann Michael Röder in 1717. In the years 1863 to 1866 the building was remodelled in the style known as that of the Schinkel school. The cruciform shape was abandoned in favour of a three-aisled space with balconies running the length of the nave, over the aisles. The fact that the foundations and part of the existing outer walls were reused probably accounts for the somewhat squat appearance of the transformed building. A belfry at the west end replaced the small crossing tower of the original church. In 1901 fire broke out on two occasions in the organ loft. This occasioned a further remodelling of the church interior. The wooden ceiling was replaced by a barrel vault; an anteroom was fashioned under the organ loft, which had hitherto rested on cast-iron columns; the walls were covered with painted decoration. The memorial for those killed in World War I underneath the organ was added in 1922.
Already in 1832 the Röder organ had been sold for 100 talers to the parish church of the town of Wesenberg in Mecklenburg. Probably still a good price for an instrument that apparently had few working stops left (of, originally, either 13 or 18 on one manual and pedals) and which was now also deprived of its 8âČ principal (i.e. open diapason), retained because of its fine sound. (At Wesenberg the organ later underwent repeated alterations. In 2000 Kristian Wegscheider undertook a historically informed restoration; it now has 19 stops on one manual and pedals.)
The place of the Röder organ was taken by an instrument built by Ernst Julius Marx in 1786 for the French-language Friedrichwerdersche Kirche, which occupied one half of a former riding hall (the other half being used by a German-speaking congregation). When this was demolished in 1820 to make way for the new church on the site designed by Schinkel the organ (24 / ii+P) spent twelve years in storage, until Carl August Buchholz installed it in the DorotheenstĂ€dtischen Kirche. In 1866 August Ferdinand Dinse reerected it following the remodelling of the church. Reinhard Stechow, one of its two ministers, states in a booklet published on the occasion of its bicentennial in 1887: âTo the existing stops, 10 on the great organ, 8 on the upper manual, and 6 in the pedals, two more were added, so that it how has 26 stops. It is inscribed with a rhymed version of Psalm 117 in the French language. A year ago [in 1886?] it was much improved by means of a thorough cleaning, removal of pipes infested with woodworm, addition of soft stops, and renewal of the keyboards.â (pp.15-16) Berthold Schwarz (500 Jahre Orgeln in Berliner evangelischen Kirchen, 1991, p.448), referring to sources published in 1888 and 1898, gives the number of stops as 30. This was the instrument that ĂberlĂ©e found when he took up the organistship in 1866. The fires of 1901 did not destroy the organ. Nevertheless, in the context of the refurbishment that followed the Sauer company replaced it with a new instrument (40/ iii+P); the old case was reused. An air raid in 1943 left the church a burned-out shell, blown up in 1965. Of the wall monuments that survived from the original church, some very fine and important, few were salvaged.
G.F. HĂ€ndel/C. Wesley: Aria âThen Will I Jehovahâs Nameâ (from Occasional Oratorio)(Velesovo)
The first part of this video documents some aspects of Charles Wesleyâs biography, to put the recorded piece into context. The piece itself is an arrangement of a tenor aria, with words by John Milton, from Handelâs Occasional Oratorio of 1746:
Then will I Jehovahâs praise
According to his justice raise,
And sing the name and Deity
Of Jehovah the most high.
Ever let my thanks endure,
Ever faithful, ever sure.
As noted in the video Fanny Burney in 1786 heard Charles Wesley play a âuncommonly goodâ organ in St Georgeâs Chapel, Windsor Castle (for those not familiar with this location: the term âchapelâ is a bit of an understatement for a building that would pass muster as a small cathedral). This instrument, which had 17 stops on 3 manuals, is variously attributed to Bernard âFatherâ Smith (+1708) or to John Snetzler (+1785)(an explanation of this discrepancy might of course be that Snetzler did work on an existing instrument). Despite its apparent quality George III in 1789/90 had it replaced by a new organ (24/iii+P) that he commissioned from Samuel Green, an organ builder who enjoyed the kingâs particular favour. It is highly plausible that Charles Wesley was consulted on this project, which was unusual in a number of ways. There was no 16âČ stop, but the compass of the great and choir divisions went down to FF (rather than the usual GG), and the lower notes of the great (not, I assume, of the choir) could also be played by means of pull-down pedals whose compass seems to have been FF-c0. This is a very early example of an English organ with a pedal board. The entire instrument moreover was under expression, with a separate box for the swell division inside the main box. The case of this organ, seen in the video, survives in part â now cut in half and moved to the sides to open up the central vista above the choir screen; the present instrument inside it was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1965. (Cf. this video for the story of another Green organ, that built for Lichfield Cathedral, and both this video and this one for the story of the Green organ in the parish church of Kingston, Jamaica.)
The old organ was given to the parish church of St John the Baptist in Windsor town (the predecessor of the present church on the site). In the 1820s the organ was moved again, to the newly built church of St Maryâs Haggerston in the London borough of Hackney. There, it did not escape rebuilding by the Victorians (starting with âFatherâ Willis), but a number of stops retained their original pipes until the organ along with the entire church was obliterated in an air raid in 1940. (Supposedly when the organ was moved in the 1820s some part of it was given to a nonconformist chapel in Long Melford, Suffolk. I can find no confirmation of this; it seems a bit unlikely that an instrument of only 17 stops should have been divided?)
Charles Wesley (1757-1834): God Save the King (Anloo)
The most charming set of variations on that famous tune ever. Son of the hymn writer and co-founder of methodism of the same name, Charles Wesley was a child prodigy like his younger brother Samuel. In order to enable his sons to receive a good musical education without being exposed to the dangers of life in the capital unsupervised and unprotected, Charles Wesley sr. moved from Bristol to London and in the 1770s organised an annual series of subscription concerts featuring the brothers and their compositions in his Marylebone home. Charles attracted the attention of king George III, who made him his organist-in-ordinary â supposedly on hearing that Charles had failed to obtain the post of organist of St Paulâs Cathedral, having been told that âwe want no Wesleys hereâ. (This story may be wholly or partly apocryphal â Iâd be grateful for information regarding this episode.) When in 1810 the Prince of Wales became Prince Regent, Charles kept his post as well as being appointed music teacher of the Prince Regentâs sole child, princess Charlotte (1796-1817). Charles was also the organist of the new church of St Marylebone from its opening in 1817 until his death. John Russellâs portrait of Charles jun. as a young man of about 20 was commissioned by Charles Wesley sen. for his London home and is now owned by the Royal Academy of Music. Here is a complete list of all works by either Samuel or Charles Wesley on my channel: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?listâŠ
Charles Wesley (1757-1834): Prelude & Fugue in G Minor for Organ (Velesovo)
Unlike his more flamboyant younger brother Samuel Wesley, and despite his close association with royalty, Charles Wesley remains a somewhat shadowy figure. Posterity â to the extent that it has noticed him at all â has mostly seen him as an eccentric fool who, unlike his brother, failed to live up to the promise of his early years as a âwunderkindâ, the super-talented child of his prominent if controversial father, the eponymous religious reformer and hymn-writer.
This sort of portrayal (and perhaps betrayal) probably started early. It must have received an early push by Thomas Jacksonâs influential biography of the Rev. Charles Wesley (sen.), first published in 1841. Charles jun. had died in 1834; so Jackson may well have met him. He writes as if he had, at one point even using the phrase âHe [Charles jun.] used to sayâŠâ Jackson gives details of Charlesâs enduring association with both King George III and the Prince of Wales (who succeeded his father first as Prince Regent and then as King George IV â a liking for Charles Wesley actually seems one of the rather few things constituting common ground between father and son). But when it comes to describing Charles as a person, a certain censoriousness creeps into Jacksonâs text.
â[H]e was an object of deep solicitude both with his father and his uncle [John Wesley]⊠They lamented the vanity of his mind âŠ. His temper was gay and easy, and music was all the world to him. It was more than his business and delight. It seemed to be the very end of his being. With his organ his heart was never sad. Hence the frequency of his fatherâs admonitions, calling him to humility and soberness of temper.â
This is garnished with extracts of letters to Charles jun. from both father and uncle. A few pages further on it gets worse: âCharlesâŠappears to have been incapable of excelling in any thing except music⊠He was affable, kind, good-humoured, and easy; buried in music; vain of his abilities in the science [of music], to which his knowledge was in a great measure limited. His conversation consisted chiefly of anecdotes which he had collected in the course of his professional engagements. In his manners he had all the ease and elegance of a courtier; but it is doubtful whether, through the entire course of his life, he was able to dress himself without assistance. If left to himself he was almost sure to appear with his wig on one side, his waistcoat buttoned awry, or the knot of his cravat opposite one of his shoulders.â And on top of all that âhis mind was not deeply impressed with the solemn truths of religion.â
In fact, Sunday would usually find Charles at church, if only because he was expected to play the organ. In addition to at least occasionally playing for services attended by the king, he held organistships at various chapels, including that of Lock Hospital and later Chelsea Hospital, before becoming organist of St Marylebone New Church in 1817. A private diary (no doubt unknown to Jackson, but quoted from by Betty Matthews, âCharles Wesley on Organsâ, Musical Times vol. 112, 1971) shows that in the early 1800s he attended services of the established church as well as Methodist meetings even when (or in places where) he was not playing. More suggestively it contains extensive notes about the sermons he heard â indicating that at that time at least he did have an interest in religion.
Matthews, too, feeds the image of Charles the helpless idiot. Having quoted an entry in the diary noting that Charles had lent someone a volume of Handel, and that it was to be returned a month later, she makes the somewhat astonishing comment that âWesley was obliged to write down such details because he obviously could never remember where he had put anything. He is uncertain of the money he is owed, of the number of lessons he has given, and there is even a certain indecisiveness about the date of his birthday.â (On 11 Dec. 1804 Charles writes âThis Day I think I enter my 48th Year, through Divine Mercyâ â quite correctly.)
Charles was no recluse but performed with a certain frequency. His audiences were made up of (often aristocratic) friends and patrons, from the king and his progeny downwards. He mentions playing the organ at Uxbridge House â the Mayfair home of Lord and Lady Uxbridge â for two hours, with the Duke of Cambridge, younger brother of the Prince of Wales, singing Handel to his accompaniment. But he also performed at public venues: a recital at Christ Church, Bath (âto a large Audienceâ, he says), another at what appears to be Ealing Parish Church. Numerous times he also tested or indeed âopenedâ instruments made for private residences.
Matthews quotes entries from the diary only for the years 1803 and 1804. (There is, in fact, more; thus, Michael Kassler in a 2003 article on âSamuel Wesleyâs âmadnessâ of 1817-18â quotes from Charlesâs diary for the years in question.)
Samuel Wesley (1766-1837): Adagietto (Introductory Movement) in E (St Anneâs Moseley)
I have this short piece in a reliable-looking Hinrichsen edition containing nothing else; it is there entitled âIntroductory Movement in E Majorâ. The tempo indication is âAdagiettoâ, followed by â[sic]â â evidently inserted by the editor, so the indication as such must be by Wesley himself. The editor unfortunately says nothing about the provenance of the piece.
There is a single long-held pedal note marked âpedale doppioâ, with a note by the editor that this is supposed to mean you are simply to couple the great to the pedals without drawing any pedal stops (I have added a soft 16âČ and 8âČ anyway and also use them for the final chord). But it would seem thus that the words âpedale doppioâ themselves come from Wesley. If he could assume that the player would actually have pedals that probably suggests that the piece is fairly late (1820s or even 30s?) â though at worst it could of course be played without that bass note.
The piece may form part of a collection entitled âSix Introductory Movements for the ORGAN intended for the use of Organists as soft VOLUNTARIES, to be performed at the commencement of services of the Established Churchâ and which Wesley published in 1831.
I cannot currently check this since there does not seem to be any modern edition of this collection, nor can I get hold of a copy of the original edition. Confusingly, the catalogue of Wesleyâs organ works in G.E. Brown, âThe organ music of Samuel Wesleyâ (1977) lists separately a piece called âAdagiettoâ in E, but without the words âIntroductory Movementâ. Brown does not indicate which keys the six pieces of 1831 are in (though he does so for the earlier and better known âTwelve Short Piecesâ), or what the tempo indications are, but Philip Olleson, âSamuel Wesley. The man and his musicâ (2001) at least indicates (p. 310) that one of the six is indeed in E.
Here is a complete list of all works by either Samuel or Charles Wesley on my channel: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?listâŠ
Samuel Wesley (1766-1837): Adagio (Introductory Movement) in e minor (St Anneâs Moseley)
I found this piece in a collection where (in conformity with a bad habit firmly established among editors of such volumes) nothing is said about where it comes from. The autograph, it turns out, is in the British Museum, and is marked not âAdagioâ but âSlowâ. It is no. 4 of the so-called âDesk Voluntariesâ, a collection of short pieces that Wesley published in 1831 under the title âSix Introductory Movements for the ORGAN intended for the use of Organists as soft VOLUNTARIES, to be performed at the commencement of services of the Established Churchâ. Philip Olleson (âSamuel Wesley. The man and his musicâ, 2001, p. 310) thinks that Wesley originally intended these to be on the organistâs music desk to enable him or her to fill in unforeseen gaps in the course of a service, hence their original title. Autographs still exist of three of the six pieces. Here is a complete list of all works by either Samuel or Charles Wesley on my channel: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?listâŠ
Samuel Wesley (1766-1837): âAirâ & âGavotteâ (MĂ©nestĂ©rol)
The idea of this channel is mainly to offer performances of organ music that you are not so very likely to find elsewhere. These two pieces, then, in a way do not fit, since they are famous. You will find many other renderings of them on Youtube. However, not only are more, and rather less well-known works by the same composer meant to follow. It is also the case that many of the other performances of these pieces that you will find are actually arrangements, with a pedal part added. I have so far been unable to ascertain reliably by whom these are, but it seems that John Ebenezer West published arrangements of these two pieces in 1905. In the original edition of the Twelve Short Pieces of 1817 they are simply labelled number 8 and number 9. It was, apparently, West who gave them the titles by which they are now universally known, âAirâ and âGavotteâ.
Some of those other renderings on Youtube belong in a cabinet of organ horrors. The âAirâ is often played in a rather too Romantic manner, with liberal use being made of tremulants (which the classical English organ for which Wesley wrote lacked). And there is an odd tradition to play the âGavotteâ at very high speed. Wesley himself (or his printer) is possibly somewhat to blame here, since the original 1817 edition indicates a tempo of MM = 104 for the minim (half note). Taken at face value that would justify playing the crotchets as quavers, as often happens. However, I am quite sure that the minim symbol is a misprint and that MM 104 is really meant for the quarter note, not the half note.
What you hear in this video are the original manualiter versions. Regarding registration, in the score as printed in 1817 the beginning and end of no. 8 are simply marked âSwellâ, with the two middle passages respectively marked âCremona or Vox Humanaâ and âFluteâ (which on a classical English organ meant a four-foot stop). I have followed these suggestions (with the MĂ©nestĂ©rol Dulzian a good stand-in for the type of reed recommended by Wesley, and with the âSwellâ part actually played on the Great). Regarding no. 9, the score says âDiapason and Principalâ (i.e. the eight- and four-foot flues). Wesley apparently intended no manual or stop changes here. These are often introduced, but having experimented with them in the end I decided that the charm (and indeed the genius) of this music is in its simplicity. It is relatively tolerant of attempts to puff it up but at best does not need them and at worst is diminished by them. On the MĂ©nestĂ©rol organ it seemed a good idea to employ the rather wonderful Montre (the French word for the Diapason stop) alone.
Here is a complete list of all works by either Samuel or Charles Wesley on my channel.
The (unfinished) portrait of Samuel Wesley used in the video was painted by John Jackson probably around 1815 or a little later. It is in the National Portrait Gallery in London.
Samuel Wesley (1766-1837): Fuga in D (KO 603) for Organ (Velesovo)
As noted in the video there are two manuscripts of this piece: one is an autograph of the composer dated 16 February 1800, and the other is a copy made by Wesleyâs friend Benjamin Jacob (1778-1829). From 1794 onward Jacob was organist of Surrey Chapel, so called not because it was small but because it did not belong to the Church of England: meeting places of the so-called Dissenters or Nonconformists (i.e. Protestants not members of the Established Church) were never called âchurchesâ. This particular âchapelâ was a large octagonal building in Blackfriars Road â then known as Great Surrey Street â in Southwark (South London) erected in 1783 to serve a Methodist group, but it was also often used for concerts attracting large audiences. Some concerts held here and elsewhere featured Wesley and Jacob playing the large organ works of J.S. Bach in Wesleyâs arrangements for four hands â necessary because English instruments of the period did not have the pedal divisions that this music requires (but did have manual compasses going down to GG). The friendship between the two men seems to have begun in the summer of 1808, as suggested by the earliest surviving letter from Wesley to Jacob of 13 August of that year (unfortunately only letters by Wesley to Jacob survive, none by Jacob to Wesley). (For further details see the biography by Philip Olleson: Samuel Wesley. The Man And His Music, Boydell Press 2003.)
We may assume that the fugue recorded here was heard at Surrey Chapel, whether played by Wesley or Jacob. It was first printed by another friend of Wesleyâs, Vincent Novello, who included it in a collection of works by various composers called âSelect Organ Piecesâ that he published in about 1830. It can now be found in volume 8 of the fagus-music.com edition of Wesleyâs organ works, edited by Geoffrey Atkinson. The final seven bars of the score consist only of a progression of chords (including the pedal notes, which are original). Atkinson thinks that the player was expected to add a cadenza of his own based on those chords, which I have done. 18th-century English organs almost never had pedals, which only started, slowly, to become more common in the 1790s. Written in 1800, this fugue is noteworthy for having some notes assigned to the pedals towards the end. But this is clearly still an experimental feature and it would be possible simply to omit these bass notes, since Wesley could not be sure that instruments on which the piece might be played would actually have pedals.
âKO 603â refers to the catalogue of Wesleyâs compositions compiled by Michael Kassler and Philip Olleson (Samuel Wesley. A Source Book, Ashgate 2001).
The organ in Surrey Chapel was apparently built by George Elliot at an unknown date around 1800. The stoplist was as follows:
Great: Open Diapason (1) [Large] 8âČ, Open Diapason (2) [Small] 8âČ, Stopped Diapason 8âČ, Principal 4âČ, Flute 4âČ, Twelfth 2 2/3âČ, Fifteenth 2âČ, Sesquialtera II (Bass), Cornet III (Treble), Mixture II, Trumpet (1) 8âČ, Trumpet (2) 8âČ [from Swell]
Swell: Open Diapason 8âČ, Stopped Diapason 8âČ, Principal 4âČ, Cornet IV, Trumpet 8âČ
Pedals: Pull-downs, 1 1/2 octaves
The blower was operated by a wheel. There were two âshifting movementsâ (no doubt working on the Great), one leaving on 5 stops, the other the three diapasons.
Surrey Chapel closed in 1881 after the congregation moved to a new site, then saw a variety of commercial uses and in 1910 reopened as a boxing ring. Following bomb damage in October 1940 (and possibly again at a later date) it was demolished in 1942.
Samuel Wesley (1766-1837): A Melody (in c sharp minor)(St Anneâs Moseley)
The autograph of this piece (in the British Museum) is dated 1 August 1826. As heard here it was not published in Wesleyâs lifetime. There is an extended version of this piece entitled âAriettaâ which, transposed downward by a semitone, forms the middle movement of Voluntary No. 1 in c minor in a volume entitled âPreludes and Fugues for the Organ, intended as Exercises for the Improvement of the Hands, and suitable as Voluntaries, for the Service of the Church. Composed & Inscribed to his Friend Thomas Adams Esq. by Samuel Wesleyâ. The earliest extant copy of this dates from about 1840, but this must be a reprint: the dedication to Adams â 1785-1858, himself a prominent organist and composer â indicates that it was originally published by Wesley himself. The other two movements in that voluntary are a prelude & fugue dated 24 July 1826. The prelude is here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VDER⊠There are more pieces by both Samuel Wesley and his brother Charles on this channel. Here is the playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?listâŠ
Samuel Wesley (1766-1837): Prelude in c minor (St Anneâs Moseley)
The autograph of this piece is dated 24 July 1826. Together with a long fugue dated from the same day in the autograph Wesley published it as Voluntary No. 1 in c minor in a volume entitled âPreludes and Fugues for the Organ, intended as Exercises for the Improvement of the Hands, and suitable as Voluntaries, for the Service of the Church. Composed & Inscribed to his Friend Thomas Adams Esq. by Samuel Wesleyâ. The earliest extant copy of this dates from about 1840, but this must be a reprint: the dedication to Adams â 1785-1858, himself a prominent organist and composer â indicates that it was originally published by Wesley himself. In between the prelude and the fugue the voluntary contains a middle movement entitled âAriettaâ, which is an extended version of a piece called âA Melodyâ and dated 1 August 1826 in the autograph (I have recorded and uploaded that original version on this channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvIF2⊠).
Samuel Wesley is often quoted as criticising his less popular elder brother Charles as an âobstinate Handelianâ. I have never seen the source for this quote and wonder about the context. In fact Charles was as capable of writing in a contemporary, firmly post-Handelian vein as was Samuel, even though he did admire Handel and did not hesitate to write in a late Baroque mode. Inversely, however, this piece by Samuel demonstrates that Samuel could do âHandelianâ too, even as late as the 1820s!
There are more pieces by both Samuel Wesley and his brother Charles on this channel. Here is the playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list⊠The (unfinished) portrait of Samuel Wesley used in the video was painted by John Jackson around 1815 or a little later. It is in the National Portrait Gallery in London.
Samuel Wesley (1766-1837): Twelve Short Pieces Nos. 1-3
There are many testimonies to Samuel Wesleyâs extraordinary skill at improvisation. Conversely it has been suggested that his published organ works, fine and clearly popular as they were, lack the mesmerising quality of his extempore playing. What did Samuel sound like when he improvised? Perhaps the three pieces recorded here offer a glimpse. Two hundred years on they may sound unexceptional to an incurious listener, but they strike me as utterly revolutionary in their unprecedented CASUALNESS â this was 1816! Form is avoided and present only by allusion. It has often been noted that the twelve pieces, grouped by key, may be interpreted as a series of multi-movement voluntaries. Nos. 1-3 form one such set. No. 1 is a nod to the opening movement of the typcial 18th-c. English organ voluntary: a slow(ish) introduction to be played âon the diapasonsâ (open and stopped). After a playful middle movement (no. 2) the set concludes with a fugue (of sorts), to be played with Full Organ as an 18th-c. organ fugue (also normally the concluding movement of a voluntary) would, too.
Samuel published much more music than his elder brother Charles (consequently rather less well-known today, and unjustly neglected). A major reason, no doubt, was chronic lack of money. As evidenced by the portrait of young Samuel displayed in the video (to me, no. 2 of the Twelve Pieces sounds irresistibly like an evocation of happy memories), the circumstances in which Samuel and his brother grew up were relatively opulent. But Samuel, when a young man, was the family rebel. As one manifestation of this he would not marry the woman, Charlotte, with whom he lived and who was the mother of his first set of children, explicitly rejecting the institution of marriage on philosophical grounds. After several years he relented and did marry her, only to find the relationship turning sour, with Charlotte apparently developing some form of personality disorder. Samuel started a relationship with a sixteen-year old servant girl in his own household, Sarah Suter. This, too, turned out to be a committed relationship â the two stayed together till Samuelâs death, even though he could not divorce Charlotte. Suter became the mother of Samuelâs OTHER set of children, the eldest of whom was born in 1810 (named Samuel Sebastian in honour of J.S. Bach, he also became a composer, even better known today than his father, with whom he is often confused).
Samuel paid a heavy price. Not only did the inevitable scandal take its toll on him, but he was obliged to support Charlotte and HER children, AND Sarah and his other children, on not very much of an income â gained by working as a music teacher (which Samuel hated), by occasional recitals, lectures, and reviews in musical journals, and by publishing his compositions. Still he had great difficulty to make ends meet, pursued by Charlotte (who repeatedly sought his arrest when he fell into arrears with payments due to her under a separation agreement), cold-shouldered by his mother and siblings, and in the throes of what may have been chronic depression.
His brother Charles (most probably gay and a lifelong bachelor), his mother Sarah â she lived to be 96 â and his sister, also named Sarah, all continued to live together after Charles W. sen. died in 1788. Sister Sarah in particular was adamant that there was no question of supporting Samuel financially unless he ended âthis vile connectionâ (her words) with Sarah Suter. In May 1817 â shortly before the publication of the Twelve Pieces â Samuel was in fact staying at the family home in order to avoid being found at the address where he lived with Suter: his landlord was threatening to evict him, and he was trying to avoid arrest under the writs that Charlotte had had issued against him. On 6 May, supposedly imagining himself to be pursued by his creditors, he jumped from an upper-floor window. Was this a suicide attempt? Two eminent physicians called to his bedside pronounced his chances of survival slim. When he made a full recovery sister Sarah contrived to have him declared insane and committed to a private asylum for nearly a year, in hopes that this would put an end to his relationship with Sarah Suter. It did not â though he was denied visits by either her or their common children.
Somewhat miraculously, Samuelâs later years seem to have been relatively peaceful and less prone to depression â though Charlotte did manage to have him arrested briefly in 1825 and he made another narrow escape from the same fate in 1829. Relations with sister Sarah were, understandably, bad for many years, though they eventually returned to being on speaking terms (referring to his confinement in a letter to her, Samuel in 1827 wrote that he could âperhaps forgiveâ but ânever forgetâ).
Samuel Wesley (1766-1837): Largo molto + Non nobis Domine (1st+2nd mvts, Organ Voluntary op.6 no.4)
Samuel Wesley (1766-1837): Spiritoso (Trumpet)(3rd mvt, Organ Voluntary op.6 no.4)
A review, signed âW.F.H.â, of all of Wesleyâs opus 6 appeared in 1823 in the Quarterly Musical Magazine and Review (vol. 5, pp. 292ff.). âNo. 4â, says the author, âis remarkable chiefly as having the subject of BIRDâs famous canon, âNon nobis,â for the middle movement; it is very well kept up per arsin, the point âsed nominiâ is brought in on the dominant, subdominant, mediant, submediant, &c. with good effect; the movement closes on a pedal bass. The last movement of this voluntary is quite a little gem (according to the painterâs phrase) in its way, and by its various continued melody, together with the relief which the short passages for the swell bring to the ear, would, I may venture to say, gratify the majority of hearers, whether in the cathedral or the chamber.â
âNon nobis Domineâ is a canon that in Wesleyâs day was extremely popular, a staple of glee clubs or indeed any form of musical association and often performed after dinner. The words are taken from the first verse of Psalm 115: Non nobis, Domine, non nobis, sed nomini tuo da gloriam (Not unto us, O Lord, but unto thy name give glory). The English-language Wikipedia entry on this canon at the time of writing had a fascinating, detailed theory about its somewhat mysterious origin. The earliest documented appearance of its final form is in a manuscript of circa 1620 (kept at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, and known as the Bull manuscript or as Tisdaleâs Virginal Book). This lacks the words but the tune fits them, and it is marked as a three-voice canon. The first printings, with the words, are in John Playfordâs Musical Banquet of 1651 and John Hiltonâs Catch that Catch can: or A Choice Collection of Catches, Rounds, and Canons of 1652. In the 18th c. publishers started attributing this canon to William Byrd. But there is no evidence for his authorship. Performances of the original canon are easily found on the web.
Wesley uses the tune as the subject of a sort of fugal fantasy. The counterpoint is effective but unorthodox, with the number of voices variable and tending to increase towards the end. The anonymous reviewer mentions a âpedal pointâ at the end. I did use the pedals for this, although this is not mandated in the score, all the notes of which can be played with the hands (including the contra G, the lowest note on the keyboards of 18th-c. English organs). On the other hand English organs around the turn of the 19th c. did start to acquire pedal boards, and other items from opus 6 do expect them.
The third movement, showcasing the trumpet stop, consists of two sections constructed somewhat symmetrically and in a sense mirroring each other. The original edition of this voluntary, reproduced in the video, does not call for a repeat of the second section. But I feel that omitting this repeat somehow disturbs the symmetry of the piece; and, moreover, that it is certainly good enough to go on for a little longer!
I originally planned to record this voluntary using the sample set of the organ now at Little Waldingfield in Suffolk, whose largely Georgian (1807) pipework is exactly contemporary with the piece. It features a fine trumpet. But this has a âchamberâ acoustic which I finally decided did not do the piece full justice. The search was then on for another sample set with a suitable trumpet. The Buchholz organ at BraÈov, built 1836-39 and preserved without any alteration whatsoever, has more of a âcathedralâ acoustic, and its trumpet is melodious and characterful while still dating more or less from Wesleyâs time. I have some hope that the result will indeed please a majority of hearers.
Wesleyâs twelve voluntaries opus 6 were written over a period of some 20 years, beginning in about 1800. Number 3 was reviewed, under the heading âNew Musical Publicationsâ, in vol. 15 of 1803 of the Monthly Magazine (p.439). The first six voluntaries probably appeared in fairly close succession. The publisher, William Hodsoll, used the same title page for each of them, with the number of the voluntary in question entered by hand. In 1806 or 1807, the series was taken over by Robert Birchall, who produced a new title page. He published numbers 7 to 10. Number 10 is the only one of which an autograph, dated January 1814, has survived, and we know that is was performed by Benjamin Jacobs at the Surrey Chapel on 24th May 1814. As indicated on the title page of the copy of voluntary number 4 shown in the video, this was given by Wesley to Jacobs in 1808, the year in which their friendship probably started (on the collaboration between Wesley and Jacobs see my recording of Wesleyâs great D major fugue KO 603. The last two voluntaries of the series were again published by Hodsoll, who used Birchallâs title page for number 11 and a new one for number 12, which was likely published after 1817. Along with number 12, Hodsoll also produced an edition of the entire set in two volumes. All of these voluntaries are quite substantial works, either in two movements or, when there are three, with the first two forming a functional unit. Number 4 falls in this latter category, with the first two movements loosely following the pattern of a prelude and fugue.
Samuel Sebastian Wesley (1810-76): Andante in C for Organ (Buchholz-Orgel Kronstadt)
(Dt. Fassung weiter unten) â This channel already has organ works by both Charles (1757-1834) and Samuel Wesley (1766-1837). They were children of Charles Wesley sen. (1707-88), founder, with his brother John, of the Methodist religious movement and famous as a poet who wrote the words of some of the best-known hymns in the English language. But musically the most famous member of the dynasty is Samuel Sebastian, son of Samuel, with whom he is often confused.
Charles Wesley jun. has suffered from bearing the same name as, and for that reason alone tending to be eclipsed by, his illustrious father the religious leader and poet; he has also been the victim of an enduringly unfair press that goes back to an early biography of his father (I have discussed this here). That his brother Samuel is much better known as a composer is explained in part by his essentially being married to, and having to support, two women at once, along with numerous children. This forced him constantly to look for sources of extra income, one of which was to publish his music (more on his rather tragic situation here).
Samuel Sebastian, eldest son of Samuel and his second (if unofficial) wife Sarah, owes his name to his fatherâs enthusiasm for a certain German composer of the Baroque period, whose organ music Samuel did much to popularise in Britain. Given his background it is perhaps no surprise that Samuel Sebastian had a brilliant career as a musician (though among his many siblings the only other musician was his sister Eliza, organist, for many years, of the church of St Margaret Pattens in the City of London).
Despite a famously difficult character Samuel Sebastian went from one prestigious cathedral organistship to the next. Florence Marryattâs novel Nelly Brooke of 1868 is set in a fictitious English cathedral city modeled on Winchester, with many of the protagonists recognisable to contemporaries. Her description of cathedral organist âDr. Nesbittâ is a portrait of S.S.W.:
âHe was a man of powerful intellectâŠ, but with an uncertain and violent temper âŠ. a first rate musician âŠ, he would yet on occasions mount the loft stairs in so bad a humour, that neither choristers nor canons could by any possibility follow the chords struck by his wayward fingers. And then [he] would be delighted at the public failure, and before he had given the cathedral authorities time to reprimand him, would lull their anger by such exquisite music as is seldom heard upon this lower earth âŠ. His fame was too wide spread for [a dismissal] to injure anybody but themselves; he would at once be gladly seized upon and engaged by some rival cathedral town, and they would have lost the glory of being able to boast that they had not only the finest organ, but the best organist in England.â
If Wesley invariably moved on to a new post after some years it was because of his chronic disgruntlement with the cathedral clergy and their perceived ignorance of music. Here is an excerpt of his 1849 pamphlet A Few Words on Cathedral Music:
âPainful and dangerous is the position of a young musician who, after acquiring great knowledge of his art in the Metropolis, joins a country Cathedral. At first he can scarcely believe that the mass of error and inferiority in which he has to participate is habitual and irremediable. He thinks he will reform matters, gently, and without giving offence; but he soon discovers that it is his approbation and not his advice that is needed. The Choir is âthe best in Englandâ, (such being the belief at most Cathedrals), and, if he give trouble in his attempts at improvement, he would be, by some Chapters, at once voted a person with whom they âcannot go on smoothlyâ, and âa boreâ âŠ. The painter and the sculptor can choose their tools and the material on which they workâŠ: but the musician of the Church ⊠is compelled to work with tools which he knows to be inefficient and unworthy â incompetent singers and a wretched organ! He must learn to tolerate error, to sacrifice principleâŠâ
The piece heard here was published in vol. 2 of 1872 of T.R. Matthewâs anthology The Village Organist (NOT identical with the series of the same name published from 1897 by John Stainer). An anonymous review in the Musical Times (vol. 15, p. 573) lists the contributors, among them âDr. Wesley (whose Andante is somewhat the longest and much the most important piece in the collection, having small pretension but large fulfilment, being admirably fitted to the instrument, but having a higher worth in its musical ideas).â
As organist of Gloucester cathedral Wesley was a successor of William Hine (1687-1730). An earlier video on this channel featuring music by Hine has more photographs of the cathedral; also of the house where Wesley lived and died.
Dieser Kanal bietet bereits Orgelwerke sowohl von Charles (1757-1834) als Samuel Wesley (1766-1837). Die beiden waren Kinder von Charles Wesley sen. (1707-88), der zusammen mit seinem Bruder John die religiöse Bewegung des Methodismus begrĂŒndete und als Dichter einige der bekanntesten englischen Kirchenlieder schuf. Musikalisch ist unter den Mitgliedern der Familie der berĂŒhmteste aber Samuel Sebastian, Sohn von Samuel, mit dem er regelmĂ€Ăig verwechselt wird.
Charles Wesley jun. steht schon wegen der Namensgleichheit mit seinem prominenten Vater, dem religiösen Reformer und Dichter, dauernd in dessen Schatten; ĂŒberdies ist er Opfer einer bis heute anhaltenden negativen Voreingenommenheit, die auf eine einfluĂreiche frĂŒhe Biographie von Charles sen. zurĂŒckgeht (nĂ€here Erörterung hier). DaĂ sein Bruder Samuel als Komponist viel bekannter ist, liegt auch an dem Umstand, daĂ Samuel faktisch mit zwei Frauen verheiratet war, fĂŒr deren Unterhalt wie fĂŒr den einer zahlreichen Nachkommenschaft er zu sorgen hatte. Nicht zuletzt finanzielle Not zwang ihn daher zur Veröffentlichung möglichst vieler seiner Werke (mehr zu dieser durchaus tragischen Situation hier).
Samuel Sebastian, Erstgeborener von Samuel und seiner zweiten, obschon inoffiziellen Ehefrau Sarah, verdankt seinen zweiten Vornamen der vĂ€terlichen Begeisterung fĂŒr einen gewissen deutschen Barockkomponisten, dessen Orgelkompositionen Samuel in GroĂbritannien mit groĂem Einsatz bekannt zu machen suchte (s. dazu auch hier). Vor diesem Hintergrund erstaunt es vielleicht wenig, wenn Samuel Sebastian als Musiker eine glĂ€nzende Karriere bevorstand (wenn auch andererseits unter seinen zahlreichen Geschwistern nur seine Schwester Eliza ebenfalls Musikerin wurde und lange Jahre als Organistin der Kirche St. Margaret Pattens in der City of London Dienst tat).
Trotz eines berĂŒchtigtermaĂen schwierigen Charakters wechselte Samuel Sebastian von einer prestigetrĂ€chtigen Stelle als Domorganist zur nĂ€chsten. Der 1868 erschienene Roman Nelly Brooke von Florence Marryatt spielt in einer fiktiven englischen Domstadt, deren Vorbild Winchester war: viele der Romanfiguren waren fĂŒr die Zeitgenossen erkennbar. Die Beschreibung des Domorganisten âDr. Nesbittâ ist ein PortrĂ€t von S.S.W.:
âEr war ein Mann von groĂer intellektueller BegabungâŠ, doch von unstetem und aufbrausendem Wesen âŠ. ein erstklassiger Musiker âŠ, stieg er doch manchmal so ĂŒbellaunig die Stufen zur Orgel empor, daĂ weder Chorknaben noch Domherren es irgendwie vermocht hĂ€tten, den KlĂ€ngen zu folgen, die seine launischen Finger vorgaben. Und dann frohlockte [er] ĂŒber den öffentlichen MiĂerfolg, und bevor die Verantwortlichen noch Zeit hatten, ihn zu tadeln, besĂ€nftigte er ihren Zorn durch so erlesene Musik, wie sie hienieden kaum je zu hören ist âŠ. So weit reichte sein Ruhm, daĂ [ihn zu entlassen] niemandem schaden wĂŒrde als nur ihnen selbst; sogleich und mit Eifer wĂ€re er in einer rivalisierenden Domstadt engagiert worden, und man wĂ€re des Ruhmes verlustig gegangen, sich nicht nur der besten Orgel, sondern des besten Organisten Englands brĂŒsten zu können.â
Daà Wesley unweigerlich nach einigen Jahren die Stelle wechselte, lag an seiner chronischen Unzufriedenheit mit der zustÀndigen Geistlichkeit und dem Mangel an musikalischem VerstÀndnis, das er ihr vorwarf. Hier ein Auszug aus seinem Pamphlet A Few Words on Cathedral Music von 1849:
âSchmerzlich und gefahrvoll ist die Lage des jungen Musikers, der sich in der Hauptstadt profunde Kenntnis seiner Kunst aneignet und dann an einer Domkirche in der Provinz tĂ€tig wird. ZunĂ€chst mag er kaum glauben, daĂ der Wust von Irrtum und Minderwertigkeit, an dem er teilhaben soll, auf Gewohnheit beruht und Abhilfe nicht möglich ist. Er vermeint, sanft und ohne AnstoĂ zu erregen auf Besserung dringen zu können; doch bald erkennt er, daĂ von ihm Billigung und nicht Rat erwartet wird. Der Chor (so die Ansicht an fast jeder Domkirche) ist âder beste in Englandâ; und wenn sein BemĂŒhen um Verbesserung MiĂfallen erregt, so wird manches Domkapitel ihn umgehend fĂŒr jemanden erklĂ€ren, mit dem man ânicht zusammenarbeitenâ könne und der eine âNervensĂ€geâ sei âŠ. Ein Maler oder Bildhauer können ihre Werkzeuge wie das Material, mit denen sie arbeiten wollen, aussuchenâŠ: der Musiker der Kirche aber ⊠ist gezwungen, mit Werkzeugen zu arbeiten, von denen er weiĂ, daĂ sie ungeeignet und ohne Wert sind â unfĂ€hige SĂ€nger und eine grausige Orgel! Er muĂ lernen, Irrtum hinzunehmen, Prinzipien zu opfernâŠâ
Das hier zu hörende StĂŒck erschien 1872 in Band 2 der von T.R. Matthew herausgegebenen Anthologie The Village Organist (NICHT identisch mit der gleichnamigen, ab 1897 von John Stainer herausgegebenen Serie). Ein anonymer Rezensent der Musical Times (15. Jg., S. 573) nennt die beteiligten Komponisten, unter ihnen âDr. Wesley (dessen Andante das durchaus lĂ€ngste und bei weitem bedeutendste StĂŒck der Sammlung ist; es tritt bescheiden auf und bietet doch GroĂes, paĂt sich wunderbar dem Instrument an und hat zugleich in seinen musikalischen Gedanken einen hohen Wert).â
Als Domorganist in Gloucester war Wesley ein Nachfolger von William Hine (1687-1730). Ein Àlteres Video auf diesem Kanal mit Werken von Hine zeigt weitere Bilder der Kathedrale wie des Hauses, wo Wesley, und vor ihm wohl Hine, lebten und starben.
C.E.F. Weyse (1774-1842): Leichte PrĂ€ludien fĂŒr Orgel (Illustriert)(Buchholz-Orgel Kronstadt)
Eines von zwei Videos mit meinen Aufnahmen dieser PrĂ€ludien. Die hier vorliegende Fassung illustriert die Biographie des Komponisten. Die andere, die besser zum ânur Hörenâ geeignet ist, enthĂ€lt auch die Registrierungen wie ebenso die Noten zum Mitlesen.
Der spĂ€tere Merseburger und dann Magdeburger Domorganist August Wilhelm Ritter (1811-85) rezensiert im ersten Band der von ihm mitbegrĂŒndeten Zeitschrift Urania 1844 die PrĂ€ludiensammlung mit spitzer Feder, zusammen mit zwei anderen, die noch schlechter wegkommen: âDie Herausgabe dieser Heftchen [eigentlich ja nur eins?] ist dem Vorworte nach im J. 1843 von Schauenburg-MĂŒller in Vallöe besorgt worden. Sie hĂ€tte fĂŒglich unterbleiben können, da die Compositionen alles Andere sind, nur keine Orgel-Compositionen. Sie stehen in dieser Beziehung vollkommen denen von [P.] Schmidt [âOrganist in FĂŒnfkirchenâ, ungarisch PĂ©cs][Zwölf leichte PrĂ€ludien fĂŒr die Orgel] und [J.A.] Ladurner [âHofkaplan in Brixenâ][56 moderne Orgel- und Clavier-PrĂ€ludien] zur Seite, wenn auch der eigentliche musikalische Kern gediegener ist.â (S.87)
âKeine Orgel-Compositionenâ: wohl in dem Sinn gemeint, daĂ, zumal angesichts des Fehlens eines Pedalparts (dies allerdings schon im 18. Jh. ein typisches Merkmal als âleichtâ vermarkteter Orgelwerke), nichts an den Noten selbst darauf hindeutet, fĂŒr welches Tasteninstrument die StĂŒcke gedacht sein mögen. Sie lieĂen sich ganz gut auch auf dem Klavier, oder dem (damals freilich eben erst erfundenen) Harmonium wiedergeben. Daneben erstaunt (auch dies aber fĂŒr derlei Sammlungen noch bis ins frĂŒhe 20. Jh. typisch) ihr nach heutigem Empfinden gar nicht kirchlicher Charakter. Ausweislich der Titelseite und des Vorwortes sind sie aber ganz klar fĂŒr den kirchlichen Gebrauch bestimmt und also vermutlich auch so eingesetzt worden â ein kulturhistorisches PhĂ€nomen, das man wohl einfach zur Kenntnis zu nehmen hat. Im ĂŒbrigen klingen sie, wie die vorliegende Aufnahme demonstrieren mag, auf der Orgel alles andere als schlecht!
Der Sohn, von dem Constanze Nissen in dem im Video zitierten Brief an Weyse spricht, war ihr und Mozarts Ă€lterer Sohn Carl Thomas (1784 Wien â 1858 Mailand). âDer gute Jungâ, damals immerhin auch schon 39, lebte in Mailand als kaiserlicher Beamter; bei ihm hielten sich Constanze und ihr zweiter Mann zum Zeitpunkt der Abfassung des Briefes auf. Ihren und Mozarts jĂŒngeren Sohn, den Pianisten und Komponisten Franz Xaver Wolfgang (1791 Wien â 1844 Karlsbad), erwĂ€hnt Constanze in dem fortgelassenen Teil des Briefes ebenfalls. Er trat 1819 auf einer Konzertreise auch in Kopenhagen auf. Anders als, wie Constanze ja bedauert, sein Bruder hörte er damals Weyse improvisieren (am Klavier), und beschreibt das in einem Tagebucheintrag als âein seltenes VergnĂŒgenâ. (Quelle: R. Paulli, âWitwe Mozart og Weyseâ, in: Fund og Forskning [Jahrb. der Kgl. Bibliothek Kopenhagen] Jg. 3, 1956, 136-41)
Liszt veröffentlichte seine EindrĂŒcke aus Kopenhagen in einem Brief an LĂ©on Kreutzer in Paris, der zuerst französisch in der Revue et Gazette musicale erschien (Jg. 8, 1841, hier S. 418-19). Die deutsche Fassung ĂŒbernehme ich aus L. Ramann, Franz Liszt als KĂŒnstler und Mensch, Bd. 2 (Leipzig 1887), S. 120-21. Es mag verwundern, daĂ Liszt beklagt, der Musiker könne anders als der Maler oder Bildhauer nichts Dauerhaftes erschaffen, steht dem Komponisten doch die Notenschrift zur VerfĂŒgung. Liszt fĂŒhrt dazu weiter aus, der genialste Musiker könne ânichts hervorbringen, das die Zeit nicht verwischte! [Er wĂŒrde] mit jedem Tag die Sympathien fĂŒr sein Werk erkalten und es bald kaum gekannt sehen als noch von jenen traurigen Gelehrten, welche die Vergangenheit zur Parade ihres eitlen Wissens durchblĂ€ttern, ein Musikwerk nur als Mittel zum Konstatiren ihrer Pedantismen benutzen und hierin der Kleopatra gleichen, daĂ sie die Perle des Genius in dem Essig ihrer Kritik auflösen.â HĂŒbsch â doch eigentlich widerspricht Liszt sich gleich darauf ein StĂŒck weit, wenn er sein Erstaunen ob der improvisierten Weyseâschen Fuge mit einer Hommage an Ăbervater J.S. Bach verbindet.
Die unglĂŒckliche Liebe zu seiner KlavierschĂŒlerin Julie Tutein war fĂŒr den jungen Weyse ein so traumatisches Ereignis, daĂ er 1801 fĂŒr mehrere Jahre in Depressionen versank und sich aus dem Kopenhagener Musikleben zurĂŒckzog. In spĂ€teren Jahren umgab er sich bevorzugt mit jungen MĂ€nnern, so dem im Video zitierten spĂ€teren Kunsthistoriker J.M. Thiele (1795-1874) oder dem Herausgeber der PrĂ€ludiensammlung Ferdinand Schauenburg MĂŒller (1810-51), den er 1826 als Pflegesohn annahm und dessen Theologiestudium er finanzierte. Auch Niels Gade, den Weyse in seinen letzten, von Krankheit geprĂ€gten Jahren immer wieder an der Orgel fĂŒr sich einspringen lieĂ, wĂ€re hier zu nennen.
One of two videos with my recordings of these preludes. The version presented here illustrates the life of the composer. The other, which may be better suited for âjust listeningâ, features the registrations as well as the score.
In 1844 the future organist of Merseburg cathedral and then Magdeburg cathedral, August Wilhelm Ritter (1811-85), in the first volume of the journal Urania (whose co-founder he was), reviewed these preludes rather acerbically, together with those of two others, who found even less favour with him. He notes that according to the preface the preludes by Weyse âhave been edited in 1843 by Schauenburg-MĂŒller at Vallöe. He might as well have saved himself the trouble, since these compositions, whatever else they may be, are not organ works. In that respect they are the exact equivalent of those by [P.] Schmidt and [J.A.] Ladurner [respectively described as âorganist at PĂ©csâ and âcourt chaplain at Brixenâ], even though their actual musical core is more solid.â (p.87)
These are not organ works: Ritter probably means that nothing in the score as such indicates which keyboard instrument these preludes might be intended for. There is no pedal part (which however was a typical feature of organ works marketed as âeasyâ even in the 18th c.). It is perfectly possible to play these pieces on the piano, or the harmonium (which at the time had just been invented). Moreover to the modern ear they do not sound in the least like church music (that, too, however is typical of similar collections as late as the early 20C). Both the title page and the foreword are very clear that these preludes were intended for church services, and they were surely used accordingly â a historical fact that we must accept. And they do in fact sound good on the organ, as I hope the present recordings show.
The son mentioned by Constanze Nissen in the letter to Weyse quoted in the video was her and Mozartâs elder son Carl Thomas (1784 Vienna â 1858 Milan). âThe dear boyâ, in fact aged 39 at the time, lived in Milan as an official in the Habsburg administrative service; when she wrote the letter Constanze and her second husband were staying with him. In the omitted part of the letter Constanze also speaks of her other son, the pianist and composer Franz Xaver Wolfgang (1791 Vienna â 1844 Karlovy Vary). And whereas Constanze in the letter regrets that Carl Thomas was unable to hear Weyse improvise, his younger brother did: when he was in Copenhagen in 1819 for some performances he heard Weyse improvise at the piano and described this in his diary as âa rare pleasureâ. (Source: R. Paulli, âWitwe Mozart og Weyseâ, in: Fund og Forskning [Yearbook of the Royal Library, Copenhagen] vol. 3, 1956, 136-41)
Liszt reported his impressions from Copenhagen in a letter to LĂ©on Kreutzer in Paris, originally published in French in the Revue et Gazette musicale (vol. 8, 1841, here at p. 418-19). The English translation is mine. It is somewhat surprising to find Liszt lamenting that the musician can create nothing durable, since musical notation makes it possible to write compositions down. Liszt elaborates on this by stating that the greatest musical genius âcould create nothing that time would not efface. His work, ephemeral, fleeting, would see affection for it diminish every day; soon it would be known to none but to those sorry savants who ransack the past merely to parade their useless expertise; who treat a masterwork as but a means for proving their pedantry; and who resemble Cleopatra at least in this respect, that they dissolve the pearls of genius in the vinegar of their criticism.â Wonderfully pithy â yet in a way Liszt rather contradicts himself when a moment later he speaks of his amazement at the fugue improvised by Weyse and combines that with a homage to Saint J.S. Bach.
The unhappy relationship with his piano student Julie Tutein engulfed the young Weyse in a depressive state so severe that from 1801 onwards he withdrew completely from musical life in Copenhagen for many years. In his later life he surrounded himself with young men, such as the future art historian J.M. Thiele (1795-1874), quoted in the video, or the editor of the preludes Ferdinand Schauenburg MĂŒller (1810-51), who became his foster son in 1826 and was able to study theology thanks to financial support from Weyse. Another was Niels Gade, who would substitute for Weyse at the organ of the Vor Frue Kirke when, in his final years, Weyse became increasingly ill.
Christian Friedrich Witt (~1660-1717): Passacaglia d-moll (BureÄ)
(English below) Christian Friedrich Witt wird um 1660 als Sohn des Altenburger Hoforganisten Johann Ernst W. geboten. Nachdem Sachsen-Altenburg 1672 an Sachsen-Gotha gefallen ist, nimmt ihn dessen Herzog Friedrich II. unter seine Fittiche und schickt ihn Mitte der 1670er Jahre zur Vervollkommnung seiner musikalischen Ausbildung nach Salzburg und Wien, ein Jahrzehnt spĂ€ter nach NĂŒrnberg zu Georg Caspar Wecker. 1686 in Gotha zum Kammerorganisten ernannt, kehrt Witt bald darauf nochmals zu Wecker zurĂŒck. 1694 wird er in Gotha Vertreter des Kapellmeisters, dem er nach dessen Tod 1713 nachfolgt. Witt selbst stirbt aber bereits 1717. Die d-moll-Passacaglia wurde zeitweilig Bach zugeschrieben (BWV Anh. 182), in damals anscheinend nicht bekannten oder berĂŒcksichtigten Abschriften ist jedoch Witt als Urheber genannt.
Die Kirche zu BureĂ„, einer gut 2000 Einwohner zĂ€hlenden Ortschaft in der nordschwedischen Landschaft VĂ€sterbotten, wurde zwischen 1918 und 1920 in einem Stil errichtet, der in Schweden nationalromantisk heiĂt, vergleichbar dem deutschen Heimatschutzstil (benannt nach dem 1904 gegrĂŒndeten Deutschen Bund fĂŒr Heimatschutz). Architekt war Fredrik Falkenberg (1865-1924). Falkenberg war offenbar auch fĂŒr die Gestaltung des Orgelprospekts zustĂ€ndig. UrsprĂŒnglich war die Kirche mit einer zweimanualigen Orgel der Firma Ă kerman & Lund ausgestattet. 1967 wurde sie im alten GehĂ€use durch ein dreimanualiges Instrument der Firma Hammarberg in Göteborg ersetzt. Die Disposition entwarf der Organist â damals ein Deutscher, Erich Stoffers (*1930 in Bergen auf RĂŒgen) â offenbar wesentlich nach dem Vorbild thĂŒringischer Orgeln des 18. Jahrhunderts. Der Klang der Orgel ist in den Grundstimmen warm und mehr oder minder streicherhaft, so daĂ der Verdacht aufkommen könnte, als wĂ€re nicht nur der Prospekt, sondern auch ein Teil des Pfeifenmaterials der alten Orgel wiederverwendet worden. Nach Auskunft des gegenwĂ€rtigen Organisten, Lars Palo, ist dies jedoch nicht der Fall. Vielmehr sei die Ă kerman & Lund-Orgel komplett abgebaut worden; lange Zeit in Malmö eingelagert, befinde sie sich heute in Privatbesitz. Hervorzuheben ist das Salicional 8âČ im Schwellwerk, ein Streicher-Register, das, wie in dieser Aufnahme der Witt-Passacaglia zu hören, im BaĂ einen verblĂŒffend Cello-artigen Klang entwickelt.
Christian Friedrich Witt, born around 1660, a son of the Altenburg court organist Johann Ernst W. Becomes a protĂ©gĂ© of Duke Friedrich II of Saxe-Gotha when that prince inherits Saxe-Altenburg in 1672. In the mid-1670s the duke sends Witt to Salzburg and Vienna to perfect his musical training, a decade later Witt goes to NĂŒrnberg to study with Georg Caspar Wecker. Appointed organist to the Gotha court in 1686, Witt soon rejoins Wecker at NĂŒrnberg. In 1694 he is appointed deputy of the kapellmeister (conductor) of the ducal orchestra at Gotha, inheriting the full post at the death of the incumbent in 1713. But he himself dies already in 1717. The d-minor passacaglia was at one point attributed to J.S. Bach (BWV Anh. 182). But in manuscripts not then known or taken into account Witt is given as the composer.
BureĂ„ is a settlement of some 2,000 people in the VĂ€sterbotten region of northern Sweden. The church was built between 1918 and 1920 in a style which in Swedish is known as nationalromantisk and which has affinities with the English Arts and Crafts movement and with the Art nouveau movement. The architect was Fredrik Falkenberg (1865-1924). Clearly Falkenberg was also responsible for the design of the organ case. Originally the church had a two-manual organ by the firm of Ă kerman & Lund, replaced â in the old case â in 1967 by a three-manual instrument by the Hammarberg firm of Gothenburg. The stop list was drawn up by the then organist â a German, Erich Stoffers (*1930 at Bergen on the island of RĂŒgen) â and is evidently modelled on 18th-century Thuringian organs. The foundations stops have a warm and rather âstringyâ tone, as if perhaps not only the case was reused from the old organ, but some of the pipework also. However, according to the current organist, Lars Palo, this is not the case. According to him the Ă kerman & Lund organ was removed completely; stored for a long time in Malmö, it is now privately owned. Worth noting is the 8âČ Salicional on the Swell, a string stop with a stunningly cello-like sound in the bass, as can be heard in this recording of the Witt passacaglia.
Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow (1663-1712): Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir (LV 27)
Kopie der Orgel der Deutschen Kirche Stockholm im Zustand von 1684 (NorrfjÀrdens Kyrka, via GrandOrgue) From Depths of Woe I Cry to Thee | English below
In der Quelle trĂ€gt diese Choralbearbeitung den Titel âAus tiefer Not laĂt uns zu Gottâ, Zachow verwendet aber die mit dem ĂŒblichen Titel verbundene Melodie Luthers.
Die Orgel der Deutschen Kirche (Tyska Kyrka) in Stockholm erbaute mit zwei Manualen und Pedal 1609 Paulus MĂŒller aus Spandau. 1621/22 fĂŒgte der schwedische Orgelbauer Per Jönsson das RĂŒckpositiv hinzu. Bereits 1625 nahmen Georg Hermann und Philipp Eisenmenger wiederum VerĂ€nderungen an dem Instrument vor (beide aus Deutschland â Eisenmenger hatte das Rostocker BĂŒrgerrecht; ansĂ€ssig waren sie in Södertalje bei Stockholm). FĂŒr die figĂŒrliche AusschmĂŒckung des GehĂ€uses gewann man Martin Redtmer, von dem auch ein GroĂteil der Schnitzereien an dem 1628 gesunkenen und 1961 geborgenen Flaggschiff Vasa stammt. Ende der 1640er Jahren erweiterte Hermann die Orgel nochmals. 1684 hielt der damalige Organist Gustav DĂŒben die Disposition und andere Einzelheiten fest.
1777 baute man die altmodische, reparaturbedĂŒrftige Orgel ab und verkaufte sie zwei Jahre spĂ€ter nach ĂvertorneĂ„ in Nordschweden. Das RĂŒckpositiv ging an die Nachbargemeinde HedenĂ€set (jenseits des Grenzflusses Torne, heute in Finnland; finnisch Hietaniemi). Dort taten beide Teile der Orgel weiter Dienst, ĂŒberstanden freilich die ZeitlĂ€ufte nicht unverĂ€ndert. Im Vorfeld ihrer geplanten Restaurierung wurde, auch gewissermaĂen zu âĂbungszweckenâ, beschlossen, das ursprĂŒngliche Instrument im Zustand von 1684 zu rekonstruieren. Die Firma Grönlund erbaute ein entsprechendes Instrument 1997 fĂŒr die Kirche von NorrfjĂ€rden. (In der Nacht zum 26. September 2023 brannte die â hölzerne â Kirche von Hietaniemi vollkommen nieder, das frĂŒhere RĂŒckpositiv ist vernichtet.)
In Stockholm legte sich die deutsche Gemeinde 1779 eine neue Orgel zu, aufgestellt auf einer Empore im UnterschoĂ des Kirchturms. Blitzschlag fĂŒhrte 1878 zu Brand und Einsturz des Turms. Da das Gewölbe den herabfallenden TrĂŒmmerteilen standhielt, waren die SchĂ€den an dem prĂ€chtigen Kirchenraum unbedeutend, nur die Orgel ging verloren. Nach Wiederaufbau des Turms (der Entwurf stammt von Julius Raschdorff, spĂ€ter Architekt des Berliner Doms) lieferte die Firma Ă kerman & Lund 1887 ein neues Instrument. Keine hundert Jahre spĂ€ter, 1972, empfand man auch dieses wieder als unmodern und ersetzte es durch eine neobarocke Orgel der Kölner Firma Willi Peter.
Das NorrfjĂ€rden-Projekt weckte indes den Wunsch, die 1779 abgestoĂene Orgel ebenfalls in Kopie wiederzugewinnen: Grönlund lieferte also 2004 ein zweites solches Instrument nach Stockholm. Die PrĂ€senz dieser (sehr) âechtenâ Barockorgel machte die Peter-Orgel wohl irgendwie ĂŒberflĂŒssig. Der kompromiĂlos spröde, wenig einfallsreiche Prospekt von 1972 vertrug sich optisch nicht mit der ĂŒbrigen, hochbarocken Ausstattung (die Ă kerman & Lund in ihrer Prospektgestaltung berĂŒcksichtigt hatten). Hinzu kam wohl, daĂ die Firma Peter, 1945 gegrĂŒndet, geradezu sinnbildhaft fĂŒr einen Orgeltyp der westdeutschen Nachkriegszeit steht, ĂŒber den man heute gern die Nase rĂŒmpft. (Ich gestehe an dieser Stelle eine gewisse Verbundenheit mit der Firma Peter: mit einer Peter-Orgel, in der Heilandkirche in Bonn-Mehlem, bin ich sozusagen groĂgeworden und habe sie immer als klangschön empfunden, ja den Klang geliebt.) 2016 verkauften die Stockholmer ihre Peter-Orgel an die deutsche evangelische Gemeinde in St. Petersburg. Aus KellerrĂ€umen, wo man sie eingelagert hatte, feierte die Ă kerman & Lund Auferstehung und erklingt seit 2018 am alten Ort, der Kopie der âDĂŒben-Orgelâ gegenĂŒber. (Zur gleichen Zeit trennte sich die Mehlemer Heilandkirche von âmeinerâ Peter-Orgel, im Zuge einer Umgestaltung des Kircheninneren â obwohl das alte, nachkriegskarge immerhin von Otto Bartning war. Die Peter-Orgel lieĂ sich nach USA verkaufen.)
Die NorrfjĂ€rden-Orgel wurde von Lars Palo fĂŒr GrandOrgue digitalisiert. Palo spickt seinen Kommentar zu dem Instrument mit Warnungen. Die Orgel leihe sich nicht ohne weiteres heutigen Spielgewohnheiten: âit wonât yield easily to modern ways of playingâ (https://is.gd/lMHxIh). Kurze BaĂoktave und mitteltönige Stimmung empfinde ich nicht als schwierig. Doch in jeder Oktave werden dis und es mittels geteilter Obertasten (Subsemitonien) getrennt angeschlagen, ebenso E und Gis der BaĂoktave. Es ist mir noch nicht gelungen, eine entsprechende Tastenbelegung per MIDI zu emulieren. (Mit der Folge, daĂ beim SchluĂakkord dieser Aufnahme die tiefste Taste, die ich drĂŒcke, Gis, zugleich dieses und das E darunter klingen lĂ€Ăt. Letzteres steht in den Noten. Das Gis, das Zachow eine Oktave höher schreibt, paĂt zum GlĂŒck.)
English version of the video description
In the source this chorale arrangement bears the title âAus tiefer Not lasst uns zu Gottâ. But Zachow uses the tune, by Luther, associated with the title as commonly used.
The organ of the German Church (Tyska Kyrka) in Stockholm was originally built by Paulus MĂŒller from Spandau in 1609. It had two manuals and pedals. In 1621-22 the Swedish organ builder Per Jönsson added the rĂŒckpositiv. Already in 1625 further alterations were made by Georg Hermann and Philipp Eisenmenger (both from Germany: Eisenmenger was a burgher of Rostock; their workshop was at Södertalje near Stockholm). For the ornamentation of the case Martin Redtmer was signed up â the man also responsible for much of the carved decoration of the royal flagship Vasa, lost in the Baltic on its maiden voyage in 1628 and raised in 1961. At the end of the 1640s Hermann enlarged the organ once more. In 1684 the then organist, Gustav DĂŒben, recorded the stoplist and other details.
Old-fashioned and in need of repair the instrument was dismantled in 1777. Two years later it was sold to the parish of ĂvertorneĂ„ in northern Sweden. The rĂŒckpositiv went to the neighbouring parish of HedenĂ€set (on the opposite bank of the River Torne, which now forms the border between Sweden and Finland; the Finnish name is Hietaniemi). Both parts of the organ have continued in use in their new locations, though they did not escape some degree of rebuilding. Prior to their planned restoration it was decided to reconstruct the instrument as it was in 1684, not least as a kind of preliminary exercise. Thus in 1997 the Grönlund company produced a painstaking recreation of the original instrument, for NorrfjĂ€rden church. (In the early hours of 26 September 2023 Hietaniemi church â a wooden structure â burned down completely. The former rĂŒckpositiv perished.)
In Stockholm the German Church in 1779 acquired a new organ, placed on a balcony in a niche underneath the tower. Struck by lighting, that tower burned and collapsed in 1878. Falling debris failed to pierce the ceiling vault of the church, so the sumptuous interior remained essentially intact, but the organ was lost. When the tower had been rebuilt (to a design by Julius Raschdorff, best known as the architect of Berlin Cathedral in its most recent incarnation) the firm of Ă kerman & Lund in 1887 provided a new organ. Less than a century later, in 1972, that instrument had come to be considered unfashionable in its turn. It was replaced by a neo-Baroque organ by the firm of Willi Peter of Cologne.
News of the NorrfjĂ€rden project gave rise to a desire to recover the instrument disposed of in 1779 for its original home as well. So Grönlund, in 2004, produced a second copy for Stockholm. As a result of the presence of this (extremely) âauthenticâ Baroque organ in the same building the Peter organ no doubt began to look somewhat redundant. Its uncompromisingly austere (and, it has to be said, not particularly original) modern case was completely at odds with the exuberant, High Baroque style of the other furnishings (which Ă kerman & Lund, in designing their case, had sought to echo). And it cannot have helped that the name of the Peter company, founded in 1945, is virtually synonymous with a type of organ built countless times in West Germany in the decades following the Second World War but now widely treated with disdain. (At this point I must confess to a certain fondness for the Peter company: I practically grew up with a Peter organ, in the Heilandkirche â St Saviourâs Church â in Mehlem, a suburb of Bonn. I always thought that organ sounded nice. In fact I loved the sound.) In 2016 the Tyska Kyrka sold their Peter organ to the German Protestant congregation in St Petersburg. The old Ă kerman & Lund organ found itself resurrected from the basement in which it had been put in storage and since 2018 is sounding again from its former position, opposite the âDĂŒben organâ. (At the same time the Heilandkirche got rid of âmyâ Peter organ in the context of a major refurbishment of the interior of the church, never mind that the original interior, marked by postwar asceticism, was the work of Otto Bartning, a noted ecclesiastical architect of the interwar and early postwar years. They were able to sell that organ to the United States.)
The NorrfjĂ€rden organ has been sampled for GrandOrgue by Lars Palo. In his comment about the sample set Palo warns that the instrument âwonât yield easily to modern ways of playingâ (https://is.gd/lMHxIh). I donât find it all that difficult. The incomplete bass octave and the meantone temperament are easy to get used to. But in every octave d sharp and e flat have separate keys (subsemitonia: divided âblackâ keys, though they are actually white in this instance), and the same is true of E and G sharp in the bass octave. I have not yet worked out how to emulate these split keys via MIDI. (Which is why in this recording in the final chord the lowest key that I strike, G sharp, sounds both that and the E below it. Only the latter is in the score. Happily the G sharp, part of the same chord as written by Zachow but placed by him an octave higher, fits in well.)
Domenico Zipoli (1688-1726): Al Post comunio (Ménestérol)
(English below) Hört man, wie in der Videobeschreibung zu meinem vorigen Upload angemerkt, die âToccataâ aus Zipolis Sonate dâintavolatura eher selten, und liegt der Grund dafĂŒr möglicherweise in den vielen Fragen, die der Notentext fĂŒr den Interpreten aufwirft, so gilt beides nicht fĂŒr dieses kurze StĂŒck ebenfalls aus den Sonate dâintavolatura von 1716. Der Notentext ist eindeutig, das StĂŒck nicht sonderlich schwer zu spielen â dabei nur scheinbar anspruchslos: eingĂ€ngig, und aus tatsĂ€chlich ganz simplen Motiven und Sequenzen zusammengesetzt; aber die Art und Weise des Zusammensetzens, in Zipolis typischer Manier modular, ist dann doch wieder so geschickt wie effektvoll.
Ich habe das StĂŒck vor Jahren schon einmal eingespielt (https://youtu.be/m78Ld9Y7Ia0), damals auf der barocken Orgel der GebrĂŒder Caimari in der Augustinerkirche zu Palma de Mallorca. Ich brauche nun fĂŒr ein anderes, in Arbeit befindliches Projekt Aufnahmen von Zipolis Werken auf der Grenzing-Orgel in MĂ©nestĂ©rol. Die vorliegende Einspielung ist also eigentlich ein Nebenprodukt. Ich lade sie trotzdem separat hoch. Bei allen QualitĂ€ten der Grenzing-Orgel ist die Caimari-Orgel doch klanglich interessanter. DafĂŒr ist das StĂŒck hier wohl etwas besser gespielt als damals. Es war ĂŒbrigens Gerhard Grenzing, der 1970, ganz zu Beginn seiner Laufbahn als in Katalonien niedergelassener Orgelbauer, die Orgel in Palma restauriert hat. Die Orgel in MĂ©nestĂ©rol enstand zehn Jahre spĂ€ter.
As noted in the video description of my previous upload, the âToccataâ from Zipoliâs Sonate dâintavolatura is a somewhat seldom heard piece, one reason for which might be the many questions that the score raises for the player. Neither is true of this short piece also from the Sonate dâintavolatura of 1716. The score is straightforward, and the piece fairly easy to play â albeit simple in appearance only: constructed of motifs and sequences that are indeed simple, yet the manner of construction, modular as so often in Zipoliâs works, is both clever and effective.
I have already recorded this piece once (https://youtu.be/m78Ld9Y7Ia0), on the Baroque organ of the Caimari brothers in the church of Sant AgustĂ in Palma de Mallorca. Now for an upcoming project I need recordings of Zipoliâs music on the MĂ©nestĂ©rol organ. So this upload is really a sort of by-product. For all the quality of the Grenzing organ heard here still the Caimari instrument is superior in terms of sound. On the other hand the piece is perhaps played a little better here. Incidentally it was Gerhard Grenzing who, having established himself in Catalonia, at the very beginning of his career as an organ builder restored the organ in Palma in 1970. The MĂ©nestĂ©rol instrument was created ten years later.
Domenico Zipoli (1688-1726): Pastorale (Ménestérol)
(English below) A propos Pastoralen⊠Die Idee einer Einspielung von BWV 590 kam mir, weil Gustav Rebling den Beginn des Kopfsatzes in seiner Weihnachtspastorale zitiert. In meinem Kommentar zu besagtem Kopfsatz wiederum verweise ich auf Pasquini und Zipoli als Beispiele italienischer Komponisten der Barockzeit, die wuĂten, was sie in ihren Pastoralen imitierten â nĂ€mlich die Musik der Hirtenmusikanten, die in der Vorweihnachtszeit in italienischen StĂ€dten vor Bildstöcken der Jungfrau mit dem Jesuskind aufspielten, und die Zipoli oder Pasquini selbst gehört hatten. NordeuropĂ€ische Komponisten wie Bach orientierten sich, wenn sie Pastoralen schrieben, wiederum am Vorbild italienischer Komponisten und imitierten damit, was selbst schon Imitat war. Wobei sie, im Gegensatz zu italienischen Komponisten, das Original NICHT kannten. Ein weiteres Beispiel dafĂŒr auf diesem Kanal findet sich in Philip Hayes. Die Pastoralen von Bach oder Hayes sind wunderbar. Zugleich frappiert mich, wie sehr â natĂŒrlicherweise â bei ihnen das folkloristische Element verdĂŒnnt wird, das in den Pastoralen von Pasquini oder Zipoli viel prĂ€senter wirkt.
Die von Zipoli fehlte auf diesem Kanal, und sie ist ja leicht anderswo greifbar. Nun habe ich aber eine eigene Aufnahme davon, schon vor Jahren entstanden, die ich â gerade auch WEIL sie das folkloristische Element dieser Musik gut illustriert â gar nicht schlecht finde und die ich hiermit zu Gehör bringe. Es ist nur eine Audiodatei â zur Bebilderung habe ich ein paar Aufnahmen von Prato hinzugefĂŒgt. Hier wurde Zipoli 1688 geboren und hier erhielt er seine frĂŒhe musikalische Ausbildung â möglicherweise am Duomo (Dom), der auch die Tauf- und Pfarrkirche der Familie war.
Das StĂŒck steht in dem charakteristischen wiegenden Dreiertakt mit Dudelsack-Borduntönen, wird aber durch einen geradtaktigen Zwischenteil unterbrochen, wie er fĂŒr die Musik der vorbildgebenden âPifferariâ ebenfalls typisch war bzw. ist (mehr ĂŒber die Pifferari und ihre Musik in dem verlinkten Video zu Pasquini). Man kann sich fragen, ob der zweite Satz von BWV 590 â von den vier als einziger geradtaktig â nicht ebenfalls dieses Element reflektiert. Wie bei Pasquini fĂ€llt auf, daĂ das StĂŒck keinen SchluĂ hat, sondern einfach irgendwie auslĂ€uft, wie wohl ebenfalls fĂŒr die Musik der Pifferari charakteristisch. Speaking of pastoralesâŠ
I had the idea to record BWV 590 because Gustav Rebling cites the beginning of the opening movement in his Christmas Pastorale. In my remarks on that opening movement I referred to Pasquini and Zipoli as instances of Italian baroque composers who knew what, in their pastorales, they were imitating â that is, the shepherd musicians who, during Advent, came into town to make music in front of images of the virgin and child, and whom Zipoli or Pasquini knew at first hand. In writing pastorales of their own north European composers like Bach were inspired by the example of Italian composers, thus imitating what was itself an imitation. And unlike Italian composers they did NOT know the original. Another example of that on this channel is Philip Hayes. The pastorales of Bach or Hayes are wonderful. But what strikes me is the way the folk element is â naturally â much diluted in them. In the pastorales of Pasquini or Zipoli you sense it much more strongly.
The one written by Zipoli was missing on this channel, and it is of course easy to find elsewhere. However I do have a recording of it, made years ago. Not least because it illustrates that folk element well I rather like it. So I decided to upload it too. It is only an audio file, so I added some photographs taken in Prato. It was here that Zipoli was born in 1688 and where he received his early musical training â possibly at the Duomo (cathedral), which was also his familyâs parish church and where he was baptised.
The piece features the characteristic swaying triple metre with a bagpipe-like drone. In the middle however there is a passage in duple metre, such as was (is) also typical of the âpifferariâ, the shepherd musicians (more on them and their music in the video on Pasquini, see link above). It is possible to wonder whether the second movement of BWV 590 â the only one of the four in duple metre â may not perhaps be meant to reflect this element too. As with Pasquini it is notable that the piece does not have a proper ending, which presumably was likewise characteristic of the pifferari.
Domenico Zipoli (1688-1726): Preludio in Re Minore (Ménestérol)
(English below) Anfangssatz der Suite d-moll aus dem zweiten Teil der Sonate dâintavolatura per organo e cimbalo, die Domenico Zipoli 1716 in Rom in Druck gab. WĂ€hrend ausweislich ihrer Titel die StĂŒcke in Teil 1 der Sonate zum liturgischen Gebrauch bestimmt sind und demnach sicher vorrangig der Orgel zugedacht, werden die Suiten und Partiten des zweiten Teils eher als Cembalo-Werke betrachtet. Doch gibt es keinen Grund, hier eine Festlegung auf ein bestimmtes Tasteninstrument anzunehmen. Auch die StĂŒcke des zweiten Teils lassen sich ohne weiteres auf der Orgel interpretieren.
Opening movement of the D Minor suite in the second part of the Sonate dâintavolatura per organo e cimbalo that Domenico Zipoli published in Rome in 1716. Whereas, as their titles indicate, the pieces in Part One of the Sonate are intended for use in the liturgy and thus no doubt primarily for the organ, the suites and partite of Part Two are considered primarily as harpsichord pieces. But there is no reason to assume a strict division here. The pieces in Part Two may likewise be played perfectly well on the organ.
Domenico Zipoli (1688-1726): Preludio in Si Minore | h-moll | B Minor (Ménestérol)
(English below) Kopfsatz der h-moll-Suite aus dem zweiten Teil der Sonate dâintavolatura per organo e cimbalo, die Domenico Zipoli 1716 in Rom in Druck gab. Zwei weitere SĂ€tze aus dieser Suite sind in dem zuvor hochgeladenen Video auf meinem Kanal zu hören. Die langsamen SĂ€tze der Parte seconda der Sonate dâintavolatura erinnern in Manchem an die bekannten Elevazionen aus dem ersten Teil â besonders natĂŒrlich, wenn sie wie hier auf der Orgel gespielt sind.
The opening movement of the suite in B minor from the second part of the Sonate dâintavolatura per organo e cimbalo that Domenico Zipoli had printed in Rome in 1716. Two further movements from this suite can be heard in the previous video that I uploaded on this channel. The slow movements from the Parte seconda of the Sonate dâintavolatura are reminiscent in some respects of the well-known elevations from the first part â especially of course if, as here, they are played on the organ.
Domenico Zipoli (1688-1726): Toccata in Re Minore (Ménestérol)
(English below) Die d-moll-Toccata hat Domenico Zipoli an den Anfang seiner 1716 in Rom veröffentlichten Sonate dâintavolatura gesetzt, und sie ist das lĂ€ngste StĂŒck in der Sammlung (mit Ausnahme der Partiten im zweiten Teil, die aber Serien von Variationen darstellen). Neulich las ich einen Bericht ĂŒber ein Konzert, wo die Toccata gespielt wurde, und der Autor vermerkte dazu knapp, sie sei selten zu hören. Das mag damit zusammenhĂ€ngen, daĂ sich dem heutigen Interpreten der Notentext nicht ohne weiteres erschlieĂt. Bei der Suche nach Antworten fand ich zwar eine ganze Anzahl Einspielungen â aber mit einer Ausnahme empfand ich die dort gefundenen Lösungen als mehr oder weniger unbefriedigend. (Die Ausnahme ist die groĂartige Aufnahme von Lorenzo Cipriani auf der barocken Dallam-Orgel im bretonischen ErguĂ©-GabĂ©ric.) DaĂ so ziemlich jeder Interpret das StĂŒck komplett anders spielt als die âKonkurrenzâ, zeigt wohl an sich schon, daĂ ĂŒber die AuffĂŒhrungspraxis vor 300 Jahren doch eher wenig bekannt ist, selbst wenn man in Rechnung stellt, daĂ sich mancher darum offenkundig wenig bekĂŒmmert (etwa wenn da im Manual ein 16-FuĂ-Register zu hören ist, auf der Art Orgel, fĂŒr die Zipoli schrieb, sicher nicht vorhanden).
Die Toccata besteht aus mehreren klar abgesetzten Sektionen â zwei in langen Notenwerten (Takt 1-12, 45-54), dazwischen und danach vornehmlich Sechzehntel-LĂ€ufe; eingeschoben nach der zweiten Sektion in langen Notenwerten ein Abschnitt, der Sechzehntel-, Achtel-, Viertel- und halbe Noten in raffinierter Weise kombiniert, wobei rhythmisch ein Modul vorherrscht, das sich aus zwei Achtel-, gefolgt von zwei Sechzehntelnoten zusammensetzt (Takt 55-68).
WĂ€hlt man ein einheitliches ZeitmaĂ fĂŒr das ganze StĂŒck, oder variiert man es von Abschnitt zu Abschnitt? BehĂ€lt man unabhĂ€ngig davon innerhalb der einzelnen Sektionen das Tempo bei, oder erlaubt man sich TemporĂŒckungen, Rubati? Erwartete Zipoli, daĂ der Spieler zu den wenigen im gedruckten Notentext zu findenden Verzierungen eigene hinzufĂŒgt? Spielt man das ganze StĂŒck mit einer Registrierung, oder wechselt man von Abschnitt zu Abschnitt? (Es gibt auch Interpreten, die das StĂŒck auf dem Cembalo spielen, was durchaus geht â der Teil I der Sonate, den die Toccata eröffnet, besteht aber offenkundig aus primĂ€r fĂŒr die Orgel gedachten Werken.)
Viele Interpreten handhaben das Tempo flexibel, sowohl von Abschnitt zu Abschnitt wie innerhalb der Sektionen. So werden die Sechzehntel-LĂ€ufe im Sinne einer âvirtuosenâ Gestik bzw. Agogik durch Accelerandi und Ritardandi belebt â sie klingen dadurch stĂ€rker âimprovisiertâ, als mĂŒsse der Spieler vor einer neuen Figur jeweils kurz nachdenken. Auch lassen sich so immer wieder einzelne Passagen eindrucksvoll beschleunigen, ohne daĂ ein fehlertrĂ€chtig schnelles Tempo dauernd beibehalten werden muĂ. Das kann ganz gut klingen. Rubati dieser Art lassen sich zwar sinnvoll in keinem anderen StĂŒck der Sonate dâintavolatura unterbringen, die vielmehr ĂŒberall sonst offenkundig ein gleichbleibendes ZeitmaĂ voraussetzen. Aber dieses StĂŒck ist andererseits eben auch die einzige Toccata innerhalb der Sonate. (Manche Herausgeber verwenden das Wort auch bei anderen Werken der Sammlung, fĂŒgen es dort aber hinzu: z.B. âToccata allâOffertorioâ, wo im Originaldruck nur âAllâOffertorioâ steht.) FĂŒr das Tempo der Sechzehntel-Passagen stellen die ZweiunddreiĂigstel-LĂ€ufe in Takt 74-80 einen limitierenden Faktor dar â wenn man im Takt bleiben will. Sollen Sechzehntel und ZweiunddreiĂigstel im gleichen, im Prinzip einheitlichen ZeitmaĂ erklingen, kann dieses nicht wesentlich schneller sein als meines in dieser Aufnahme. Erlaubt man sich Rubati, kann man die ZweiunddreiĂigstel entsprechend hinbiegen, sie stellen dann quasi nur einen besonders ausgeprĂ€gten Fall der Beschleunigung innerhalb einzelner Passagen dar, der bei dieser Spielweise ohnehin prĂ€gend ist. (Allerdings gibt es auch Interpreten â z.B. Carlo Guandalino â die selbst die Sechzehntelpassagen quasi Adagio spielen.)
Verzierungen: daĂ der Originaldruck Verzierungen ĂŒberhaupt vorgibt, scheint mir eher ein Grund, bei der ZufĂŒgung weiterer Ornamentik zurĂŒckhaltend zu sein, selbst wenn die Sektionen in langen Notenwerten dazu einzuladen scheinen; zwingend ist dieser SchluĂ aber keineswegs. In Takt 24 findet sich ein ausgeschriebener, mit beiden HĂ€nden zu spielender Triller mit Mordant: wenn Zipoli hier etwas derart detailliert ausbuchstabiert, ist dann davon auszugehen, daĂ er anderswo (etwa bei den langen Notenwerten) erwartet, der Spieler werde eigene Figuren zu dem dort bloĂ als Skizze aufgefaĂten Notentext hinzufĂŒgen? Von barocken Druckwerken darf man freilich ganz allgemein keine pedantische Genauigkeit oder Widerspruchsfreiheit erwarten (so hat der Originaldruck der Toccata in Takt 31 ein Trillersymbol, in der rhythmisch identischen Figur im folgenden Takt aber nicht).
TatsĂ€chlich spielt, so weit ich sehe, niemand in dem Triller in Takt 24 jedes der acht auf den letzten Taktschlag entfallenden ZweiunddreiĂigstel â mit einer Hand ginge es noch, parallel mit zweien gespielt wird die AusfĂŒhrung offenbar nicht nur mir unmöglich. Ich lasse zwei weg, andere sogar mehr. Aber der Triller markiert ein Phrasenende, wo es auf Einhaltung des strikten ZeitmaĂes nicht mehr ankommt, und auch nicht darauf, ob der Triller nun zwei Töne mehr oder weniger hat. Auch wĂ€re dies nicht der einzige Fall in barocker Musik fĂŒr Tasteninstrument, wo Noten aus âmathematischenâ GrĂŒnden, um den Takt vollzĂ€hlig zu machen, in einer Form erscheinen, von der wohl nicht erwartet wurde, daĂ der Spieler sie ganz wörtlich nahm. In Takt 74-80 hingegen sind die ZweiunddreiĂigstel in den FluĂ der Musik eingebunden â anders als in dem Triller kann man hier nicht einfach das eine oder andere ZweiunddreiĂigstel weglassen. HĂ€tte Zipoli ein grundsĂ€tzlich variables Spieltempo mit allfĂ€lligen Accelerandi unterstellt, hĂ€tte er die ZweiunddreiĂigstel allerdings genausogut in zusĂ€tzlichen Takten als Sechzehntel darstellen können.
Ich habe mich fĂŒr eine Wiedergabe in einheitlichem, wegen der ZweiunddreiĂigstel zwangslĂ€ufig eher ruhigem Tempo und ohne ĂŒber den Notentext hinausgehende AusschmĂŒckungen entschieden. Zugleich verzichte ich auf Registerwechsel. (Sowohl im Hinblick hierauf wie im Hinblick auf das Tempo bin ich da auf einer Linie mit Cipriani â tatsĂ€chlich spielt Cipriani noch etwas langsamer, mit leichten Rubati.) Bestimmt kann man die Toccata imposanter spielen als ich hier, aber auch in dieser Darstellung, finde ich, klingt sie schön.
Zugleich paĂt sie nach meinem DafĂŒrhalten so besser zu dem, was sich von Zipoli als Mensch erfassen lĂ€Ăt. In dieser Hinsicht haben wir zwei Anhaltspunkte. Zum einen die erhaltene Musik selbst: ihr eignet nach meinem Empfinden immer ein lyrischer, leicht melancholischer Zug, teils sehr ausgeprĂ€gt (man denke an die beiden berĂŒhmten Elevazionen), teils unterschwellig, aber doch immer spĂŒrbar. Schon in seiner Musik erweist sich Zipoli mithin als jemand, dem ĂŒberbordendes Temperament fremd war, erst recht ein Aufmerksamkeit heischendes Virtuosentum.
Zum anderen gibt es, als einzige Beschreibung eines Zeitzeugen, das Zeugnis eines Mitstudenten im argentinischen CĂłrdoba, Pedro Lozano. In einem Nachruf fĂŒr den Jahresbericht der Jesuitenniederlassung schreibt Lozano ĂŒber Zipoli:
âEr war von ganz ruhiger GemĂŒtsart [âŠ]. Den Blick in strengster Keuschheit stets abgewandt, sah er keinem Kind ins Gesicht, geschweige denn einer Frau. [âŠ] Was immer er tat unterwarf er der Regel des Gehorsams, und wich keinen Finger breit ab von den Vorgaben der Oberen, die er wegen jeder Kleinigkeit um Verzeihung [oder: um Erlaubnis] bat. Dem Gebet war er so zugetan, daĂ er alle freie Zeit darauf verwandte. Wenn er ĂŒber Glaubensdinge sprach, hörten seine Kommilitonen gebannt zu, von anderem aber pflegte er nicht zu reden.â (Placidissimis moribus erat praeditus [âŠ]. Oculos castissima custodia tenebat semper vinctos, quin vel pueri ullius, taceo feminae, vultum aspiceret. [âŠ] Singulas omnino actiones obedientiae norma temperabat, ne latum quidem unguem discrepans a maiorum placitis, a quibus veniam sibi fieri postulabat pro minimis quibusque rebus. Orationi maxime addictus, quidquid temporis supererat, ei impendebat. Ab ore dicentis pendebant socii, dum de rebus divinis dissereret, nec de aliis colloqui assueverat.)
In der Neuen Welt machte Zipoli groĂen Eindruck nicht nur, wenn er âĂŒber Glaubensdinge sprachâ, sondern auch als Orgelspieler (Lozano: Frequentissimus populus ad templum nostrum accedebat singulis quibusdam solemnitatibus, eiusdem audiendi cupiditate illectus â âZu manchen Feierlichkeiten strömte in unserer Kirche eine riesige Volksmenge zusammen, angelockt von der Begierde, ihn zu hörenâ). Dabei ist unwahrscheinlich, daĂ der fromme, in sich gekehrte Zipoli, den Lozano skizziert, ein wesentlich anderer war als der der Sonate dâintavolatura. Die erschienen Anfang 1716 in Rom; wenige Monate spĂ€ter schon trat Zipoli in Sevilla, wo man ihn auf die Ăberfahrt nach SĂŒdamerika vorbereitete, dem Jesuitenorden bei. Er hatte es schwerlich nötig, den groĂen Virtuosen zu geben, um in der Jesuitenkirche zu CĂłrdoba Musik âzum höchsten GenuĂ der Spanier wie der Eingeborenenâ zu machen (ingens cum Hispaniorum, tum Neophytorum voluptas).
English version of the video description
Domenico Zipoli placed the toccata in D Minor at the beginning of his Sonate dâintavolatura, published in Rome in 1716. It is the longest piece in that collection (except for the âpartiteâ in the second part, which however are series of variations). I recently read a review of a recital where the toccata was played. The author merely said that it was a seldom heard piece. Part of the reason for that may be that todayâs performers will have some difficulty making sense of the score. When looking for answers to the questions it raises I did find quite a few renderings of the piece â but with one exception they left me more or less dissatisfied. (The exception is the magnificent recording by Lorenzo Cipriani, played on the Baroque Dallam organ in ErguĂ©-GabĂ©ric in Britanny.) The fact that just about every recording sounds completely different from every other in itself indicates that not all that much is known about how it would have been played at the time, even if some are clearly unconcerned about historicity (for example when they use a 16-foot manual stop, which the kind of organ for which Zipoli wrote did not have).
The toccata consists of several distinct sections â two in long note values (measures 1-12, 45-54), with sections dominated by runs of semiquavers in between and at the end. The second of the slow sections is followed by one in which semiquavers, quavers, crotchets and minims combine in complex fashion, prominently featuring a rhythmic pattern that consists of two quavers and two semiquavers (measures 55-68).
There are many issues here. Do you play the entire piece at the same speed or do you vary between sections? Independently of that, do you maintain a regular beat within the individual sections or do you resort to rubati? Did Zipoli expect the player to add his own ornaments to the few indicated in the printed score? Do you play the entire piece with one registration? (There are in fact performers who play this piece on the harpsichord, which is quite possible. But Part I of the Sonate, which the toccata opens, clearly consists of works primarily intended for the organ.)
Many performers vary the speed between sections and keep the beat within sections flexible. Using accelerandi and ritardandi makes the runs of semiquavers sound more dramatic, in the manner of a virtuoso improvisation where the player continually slows down at the end of passages as if to reflect briefly on what he will do next, before letting the tempo take off again. This also allows you to play bits of the piece impressively fast without having to keep up a fast tempo constantly, thereby inviting mistakes. This can sound quite good. It is true that rubati cannot really be employed in any of the other works contained in the Sonate dâintavolatura, where the tempo is clearly always meant to stay the same throughout. On the other hand as mentioned there is only this one toccata in the entire collection, so the piece is unique. (Some editors use the term âtoccataâ for other works in the collection too, but this deviates from the original: e.g. âToccata allâOffertorioâ where the original printing only has âAllâOffertorioâ.)
For the tempo of the runs of semiquavers the runs of demisemiquavers in measures 74-80 constitute a limiting factor â if you want to keep the beat steady. If semiquavers and demisemiquavers are to be played at the same rhythm then the tempo cannot be much faster than in the recording presented here. If you use rubati then you do not need to keep up the beat strictly for the demisemiquavers. They then become merely a pronounced form of hitching up the tempo within individual passages that is characteristic of this style of interpretation. (However, there are also performers â for example Carlo Guandalino â who play even the semiquavers âquasi adagioâ.)
Ornaments: I am inclined to consider the fact that the original printing indicates ornaments at all a reason to keep the addition of further ornaments to a minimum, even though the sections in long note values may seem to invite them. But I concede that this conclusion is by no means compelling. In bar 24 there is a written-out trill-with-turn (mordent) that is to be played with both hands: if Zipoli spells this out so minutely, can you then assume that elsewhere (such as the sections with long note values) he wants you to treat the score as a mere sketch that the player is to complete by adding his own embellishments? Of course as a general principle you must not expect anything printed in the Baroque era to be pedantically precise or free of contradictions (thus the original edition of the toccata has a trill symbol in bar 31 but not in the following bar where the same rhythmic figure occurs).
In fact as far as I am aware in the trill in bar 24 no one actually plays each of the eight demisemiquavers falling on the final beat â it would just be doable with one hand, but playing that trill as written with both hands in parallel is something that clearly I am not the only one to have found impossible. I omit two of the demisemiquavers, some omit more. But that trill marks the end of a phrase, where it is not important to keep up the tempo, nor does it matter whether the trill has an alternation more or less. Also this would not be the only case in Baroque keyboard music where, in order to make a bar âmathematicallyâ complete, notes appear in a form that the player was not expected to take entirely literally. By contrast, in measures 74-80 the demisemiquavers form part of the flow of the music â unlike the trill you cannot just omit some. On the other hand, if Zipoli had assumed the player to use a variable beat with accelerandi anyway then he might just as well have written the demisemiquavers as semiquavers, accommodating them in an extra bar or two.
I have opted to play the piece at the same tempo throughout, which on account of the demisemiquavers has to be fairly moderate, and without embellishing the written score. I also use the same registration throughout. (Both in this respect and with regard to the tempo I find myself in agreement with Cipriani â whose tempo is a little slower still, with some rubato.) No doubt you can perform the toccata more impressively than I do here, but to me it sounds beautiful even so.
Moreover playing it like this to my mind fits what we can grasp of Zipoli as a human being. There are two sources of information here. One is the surviving music itself, whose main characteristic to me is its lyricism, often with a melancholy undertow. Sometimes this is very strong (just think of the famous elevations), sometimes it is less evident, but you can always feel it. By itself, then, the music taken in its totality suggests the exact opposite of an exuberant showman.
Then there is the one description of Zipoli by a contemporary that we have. His fellow student in CĂłrdoba, Pedro Lozano, writes in an obituary for the annual report of the CĂłrdoba branch of the Jesuit order:
âHe was of a very quiet disposition [âŠ]. His eyes always cast down in strictest chastity, he would not look a child in the face, let alone a woman. [âŠ] Whatever he did he subjected to the rule of obedience. He did not allow himself to deviate in the slightest from the mandates of his superiors, whose pardon [or: permission] he would constantly seek for the most banal things. He was extremely given to prayer, to which he would devote all his spare time. When he talked about matters of faith, his companions would hang on his lips; and he did not normally talk about anything else.â (Placidissimis moribus erat praeditus [âŠ]. Oculos castissima custodia tenebat semper vinctos, quin vel pueri ullius, taceo feminae, vultum aspiceret. [âŠ] Singulas omnino actiones obedientiae norma temperabat, ne latum quidem unguem discrepans a maiorum placitis, a quibus veniam sibi fieri postulabat pro minimis quibusque rebus. Orationi maxime addictus, quidquid temporis supererat, ei impendebat. Ab ore dicentis pendebant socii, dum de rebus divinis dissereret, nec de aliis colloqui assueverat.)
To be sure Zipoli made a great impression in the New World not just when he âtalked about matters of faithâ, but also when playing the organ (Lozano: Frequentissimus populus ad templum nostrum accedebat singulis quibusdam solemnitatibus, eiusdem audiendi cupiditate illectus â âHuge crowds thronged our church on certain festivals, attracted by the desire to hear himâ). It is unlikely that the pious, introverted Zipoli portrayed by Lozano was a different man from the Zipoli of the Sonate dâintavolatura. The latter appeared early in 1716 in Rome; just a few months later Zipoli joined the Jesuit order in Seville, where he was being prepared for the passage to South America. One may assume that he hardly needed to resort to virtuoso showmanship so as to give, in the Jesuit church at CĂłrdoba, âenormous pleasure to Spaniards and indigenous people alikeâ (ingens cum Hispaniorum, tum Neophytorum voluptas).
Domenico Zipoli (1688-1726): 4 Versi & Canzona in Fa Maggiore (F-Dur | F Major)(Ménestérol)
(English below) Wer diesen Kanal verfolgt hat, erinnert sich vielleicht, daĂ ich die F-Dur-Fuge aus den Sonate dâintavolatura vor einigen Monaten schon einmal hochgeladen hatte. Ich war allerdings mit dieser Aufnahme am Ende doch so unzufrieden (namentlich mit der nicht recht konsequenten Artikulation), daĂ ich sie hiermit ersetze. Die F-Dur-Fuge ist mit ihrem kleinteiligen modularen Aufbau ein ziemlich faszinierendes StĂŒck: gleichartige kurze VersatzstĂŒcke werden mosaikartig immer wieder anders kombiniert. Anders als bei der ersten Aufnahme sind jetzt auch die zugehörigen Versetten mit am Start.
If you have been following this channel you may remember that I uploaded a rendering of Zipoliâs F major fugue from his Sonate dâintavolatura some months ago â but in the end I was so little satisfied with that recording (in particular on account of the somewhat inconsistent articulation) that I am now replacing it with this one. With its small-scale, modular structure the F major fugue is a fascinating piece: short elements that are similar but not uniform keep being combined in different ways in the manner of a mosaic. Unlike the first recording this time I have also added the accompanying four versets.
Domenico Zipoli (1688-1726): 4 Versi & Canzona in Mi Minore (e-moll | E Minor)(Ménestérol)
(English below) Die Sonate dâintavolatura per organo e cimbalo, die Domenico Zipoli 1716 in Rom drucken lieĂ, enthalten vier Blöcke, in unterschiedlichen Tonarten, von jeweils vier kurzen Versetten und einer lĂ€ngeren als Fuge oder Fugato angelegten Canzona. (Dabei findet sich ĂŒbrigens die Bezeichnung âVersiâ fĂŒr die Versetten im Originaldruck nicht, sie haben dort keinen Titel. âVersiâ hat sich aber allgemein eingebĂŒrgert, denn man muĂ sie ja bei Konzerten oder Einspielungen irgendwie nennen.) Dieser Block, in e-moll, ist der dritte der vier. In allen Blöcken besteht die erste der Versetten aus einer einfachen Akkordfolge, die aber toccata-haft in Sechzehntel aufgelöst ist â mit Ausnahme der hier eingespielten in e-moll, wo die Akkorde unaufgelöst bleiben, Ă€hnlich dem Beginn von Zipolis Toccata in d-moll. Wie ich in der Beschreibung zu meiner Einspielung der letzteren ( https://youtu.be/SHZVCCc4eiI ) dargelegt habe, glaube ich, daĂ das auch so gespielt werden (und nicht nur als Anregung zum Improviseren irgendwelcher Figuren dienen) soll. Und anders als bei der Toccata habe ich bei zugegeben etwas oberflĂ€chlicher Recherche keine Aufnahme der e-moll-Versi gefunden, wo das nicht so gehandhabt wĂŒrde.
Die Canzona meidet geradezu jedes virtuose GeprĂ€nge und flieĂt â auf eine Weise, die, wenn man sich darauf einlĂ€Ăt, dennoch in ihren Bann zieht â dahin, Ausdruck, denke ich, der introvertierten Persönlichkeit des Komponisten (auch dazu mehr in der Beschreibung der d-moll-Toccata). Der Notentext enthĂ€lt im Originaldruck kein einziges Verzierungszeichen und lĂ€dt nirgends dazu ein, eigene Verzierungen hinzufĂŒgen, was denn auch andere Interpreten, deren Aufnahmen ich verglichen habe, unterlassen. Einziger âSchaueffektâ ist die mĂ€chtige Dissonanz (Fis-Dur-Septnonakkord ohne Grundton) als Ăberleitung zur H-Dur-Dominante der SchluĂformel im vorvorletzten Takt ( @7:18 ). Nicht weniger als neun Tasten sind gleichzeitig anzuschlagen, wo die ganze Zeit ĂŒber nie mehr als drei Stimmen erklangen und eigentlich fast ein Eindruck der Zweistimmigkeit vorherrscht â was zeigt, daĂ der Ăberraschungseffekt betont werden soll: Zipoli holt die Zuhörer vor den SchluĂtakten aus der meditativen Trance, die das StĂŒck hervorrufen kann.
The Sonate dâintavolatura per organo e cimbalo that Domenico Zipoli published in Rome in 1716 contain four sets, in different keys, of, respectively, four short versets and a longer fugue or fugato entitled âcanzonaâ. (The versets are now universally called Versi, because you need to call them something in recital programmes or programme notes; but in the original printing they have no title.) The set heard here, in E minor, is the third of the four. In all four sets the first verset consists of a simple progression of chords, which are however broken up into semiquavers in the manner of a toccata â except for the E minor one recorded here, where the progression consists of block chords. This is similar to the beginning of Zipoliâs toccata in D minor. As I explain in the video description of my recording of the latter ( https://youtu.be/SHZVCCc4eiI ) I believe that the chords are really meant to be played as written, rather than being taken as a basis for improvising some sort of passage work. And indeed unlike the D minor toccata in this instance I have not, in an admittedly somewhat superficial search, found any players that do the latter.
The canzona avoids any sort of showiness and simply flows along, in a way that is nevertheless quite entrancing if you allow yourself to be drawn into it. To my mind this reflects the introverted personality of the composer â on which also more in the description of the D minor toccata. The original printing of the score does not contain a single ornament, nor does the music lend itself to adding your own â none of the players whose performances of the piece I have listened to do. The sole âspecial effectâ is the massive dissonance (an F Sharp major ninth chord lacking the root) in the third to last bar preparing the transition to the B major dominant of the concluding formula (@7:18 ). Its fullness â you are to hit no fewer than nine keys simultaneously, where before at most three voices are heard, and most of the time the impression is of there being only two â shows that the element of suprise is being emphasised: Zipoli wants to interrupt the meditative tranquillity that the piece is apt to induce, before bringing it to an end with two final bars.
Domenico Zipoli (1688-1726): 4 Versi & Canzona in Re Minore (d-moll | D Minor)(Palma Sant AgustĂ)
In his Sonate dâintavolatura per organo e cimbalo, published in Rome in 1716 and from which the pieces heard here are taken, Domenico Zipoli, the farmerâs son from Prato, describes himself as organist of the church of Il GesĂč in Rome, the mother church of the Jesuit order. (There seems to be no other record of his having held this post â the official incumbent was somebody else). But with the ink of the Sonate barely dry Zipoli decided to become a Jesuit missionary. In April 1716 he left Rome for Seville, where he spent a year in preliminary training before boarding a ship bound for Buenos Aires. Thence he travelled a further 700km inland to CĂłrdoba, with its Jesuit-run university. Zipoli spent the rest of his life there, training for the priesthood, but also making music. Manuscripts with his music have been turning up in various places in South America. A substantial collection of keyboard pieces discovered at San Rafael de Velasco, a former Jesuit mission in the Bolivian lowlands, contains quite a few of pieces from the Sonate dâintavolatura, suggesting that that volume had crossed the ocean along with its composer.
Indeed Zipoli became something of a star at CĂłrdoba. Following his death on 2 January 1726 Pedro Lozano, who had travelled with him from Seville, penned a Latin obituary: âDominicus Zipoli, of Prato in Etruria (Tuscany)âŠA man of profound musical learning, with the uncommon accomplishment of a printed volume to prove it, he gained a place among the musicians of the mother house [of the Jesuit order] at Rome. Yet although he could have hoped for further advancement, he put a higher value on the salvation of the Indians and undertook the voyage to Paraguay [the name of the Jesuit province where CĂłrdoba lay], having joined the Society [of Jesus] at Seville. Feast days requiring music both devout and magnificent he made it his task to celebrate with diligence, to the immense pleasure of both Spaniards and nativesâŠHuge crowds would flock to our church for the various solemnities, lured by their desire to hear him.â (Dominicus Zipoli, Pratensis in EtruriaâŠMusices peritissimus, cuius speciem non vulgarem praebuit in libello typis excusso, in odaeum Domus professae Romanae adscitus est; cumque ampliora posset sperare, omnia Indorum saluti postposuit ac in Paraquariam navigavit, Societati Hispali adscriptus. Festis apparatu musico pie ac splendide celebrandis, ingenti tum Hispanorum tum neophitorum voluptate, sedulo invigilavitâŠFrequentissimus populus ad templum nostrum accedebat singulis quibusdam solemnitatibus, eiusdem audiendi cupiditate illectus.)
There is archival evidence that even a remote mission church like San Rafael had not one organ but two; one windchest (of 5 ranks), a few pipes and a set of twin bellows (perhaps belonging to a larger organ?) remain. At the neighbouring mission of Santa Ana the case, keyboard and windchest of another small instrument, likewise of (roughly) mid-18th c. date, are extant. This instrument was âonlyâ missing its four ranks of metal pipes and the bellows. (It has recently been put back in service, being operated by one of the bellows from San Rafael and reconstructed pipes.) The organ of the Jesuit church at CĂłrdoba was no doubt more substantial. Unfortunately information about it is very scarce. At some point it was transferred to CĂłrdoba cathedral (rebuilt in 1782, by which time the Jesuit order had been suppressed), then to yet another church, but it seems that no one knows what became of it or what its specification was (information kindly provided by Prof. Bernardo Illari).
In any case it is a fact that no sooner had Zipoli published the Sonate dâintavolatura than he himself had only Iberian organs to play them on. Few such instruments currently exist as digital sample sets, none of them from colonial Latin America. But the 1702 Caimari organ at the EsglĂ©sia del Socors (Sant AgustĂ) at Palma must at least be closer to the instruments Zipoli knew at Seville and then in South America than anything he played in Italy. (Is it too fanciful to imagine that the ship carrying Zipoli from Genova to Seville in April 1716 might even have called at Palma?)
The Caimari organ as built in 1702 had no reeds, the famous Spanish reeds being a Castilian fashion started about the middle of the 17th c. and which in the early 18th c. had only begun to spread to other parts of Spain. Later in the 18th c. the instrument was retrofitted with reeds by an unknown builder, but they are not used in this recording. It seems probable that organs that Zipoli knew at Seville (and in South America?) similarly dated from the pre-reeds period of Spanish organ building. Certainly the organ at Seville cathedral as Zipoli knew it had been built in the 1550s by a Flemish builder. It was only replaced by the splendid great new instrument whose case you see there now in 1724, when Zipoli was already at CĂłrdoba.
[Corrigendum: the assumption made above that colonial-era organs in present-day Argentina would have conformed to Iberian models is probably incorrect â the few organ builders active there also came from other European countries.]
Domenico Zipoli (1688-1726): 4 Versi & Canzona in Sol Minore (g-moll | G Minor)(Ménestérol)
(English below) Der letzte, in g-moll, der vier Blöcke von jeweils vier kurzen Versetten und einer lĂ€ngeren âCanzonaâ aus den Sonate dâintavolatura, die Domenico Zipoli 1716 in Rom drucken lieĂ. Bei den Versetten folgen auch hier auf eine toccatamĂ€Ăig behandelte Akkordfolge drei kurze Fugati. Die Canzona unterscheidet sich von den drei anderen. Sind jene fugenartig und aus einem GuĂ, beginnt die g-moll-Canzona Ă€hnlich, stellt sich letztlich aber als eine Art Fantasie aus drei deutlich geschiedenen Teilen dar, der zweite und dritte jeweils etwas bewegter als der vorangehende. Wie schon in der e-moll-Canzona leitet Zipoli die SchluĂsequenz mit einer dramatischen Dissonanz ein ( @8:50 â wieder ein Septnonakkord ohne Grundton, hier A-Dur mit folgender Ăberleitung zur Dominante D-Dur; derselbe Akkord hier auch schon am Ende â @1:05 â der ersten der Versetten).
The last one, in G minor, of the four sets of, respectively, four short versets and a longer âcanzonaâ from the Sonate dâintavolatura that Domenico Zipoli had printed in Rome in 1716. Regarding the versets, a progression of chords treated in the manner of a toccata is followed by three short fugati, as with the other sets. The canzona however differs from the other three. Whereas those are quasi-fugues without any cesuras, this one starts similarly but turns into a sort of fantasia in three clearly distinguished sections, with the second and third each a little livelier than the preceding one. As in the canzona in E minor Zipoli uses a dramatic dissoncane to bring the piece to a halt ( @8:50 â once again a ninth chord lacking the root, here in A major leading to the D major dominant of the concluding formula; the same chord already appears also at the end of the first of the versets â @1:05 ).
Jan Zwart (1877-1937): Geluckig is het land (Velesovo)
(English below) Im Zuge einer Reorganisation meines Kanals lade ich Videos aus der FrĂŒhzeit des Kanals, die technisch noch nicht ausgereift waren, in verbesserter Fassung neu hoch (die Audiodateien sind unverĂ€ndert). Dieses Video ging ursprĂŒnglich im Oktober 2013 ans Netz. â âGelukkig is het landâ (in heutiger Orthographie kk statt ck) wurde erstmals in Adriaen Valeriusâ _Neder-Landsche Gedenck-Clanck_ von 1626 gedruckt, einer Sammlung patriotischer GesĂ€nge aus der Zeit des Krieges gegen die Spanier, die auch das 1932 zur niederlĂ€ndischen Nationalhymne erhobene âWilhelmusâ enthĂ€lt. Im 19. Jahrhundert wurde die Sammlung in patriotischen Kreisen wiederentdeckt, 1871 und spĂ€ter noch mehrfach in AuszĂŒgen neu veröffentlicht. Wie das âWilhelmusâ, so weckt auch âGelukkig ist het landâ in den Niederlanden noch heute nationale, ja vielleicht nationalistische GefĂŒhle. Die Bearbeitung von Jan Zwart (seit 1898 Organist der Hersteld Lutherse Kerk in Amsterdam) ist freilich alles andere als martialisch.
In the course of a reorganisation of my channel I am re-uploading videos from the early period of the channel, in order to correct, as far as possible, certain technical defects of these early contributions (the audio files remain the same). This video was originally published in October 2013. â âGelukkig is het landâ (modern Dutch spelling has kk instead of ck) was first printed in Adriaen Valeriusâ _Neder- Landsche Gedenck-Clanck_ of 1626, a collection of patriotic songs from the war against the Spaniards that also contains the âWilhelmusâ, which became the Dutch national anthem in 1932. The collection was rediscovered to patriotic acclaim in the latter part of the 19th century, with selections from it republished on several occasions from 1871 onwards. Like the âWilhelmusâ, âGelukkig is het landâ still has a patriotic, perhaps even nationalist resonance in the Netherlands. This arrangement by Jan Zwart (organist, from 1898 onwards, of the Hersteld Lutherse Kerk, a Lutheran church in Amsterdam) is, of course, anything but martial.